Group II

TOPICS:
• Ecosystem
• Ecological chain

Prepared By:
Cluffer James Abellar
Javeer Carbajosa
Marix Tumbale
Jenila Villanueva
OBJECTIVES:
• Be able to understand what is an ecosystem.
• To learn what is exactly happening in our
ecosystem.
• To know the factors than can affect the
community.
• To see the difference between food chain and
food web.
Contents
What is an Ecosystem
Different Types of Ecosystem
Components of ecosystem
Examples of Ecosystem
Food Chain/Ecological chain
3 levels of Food Chain
Energy Pyramids
Food Webs
ECOSYSTEM
 ECOSYSTEM

• Term coined by A.G. Tansley (1935)

• Eco = region of space where organism live
• System = formed by interacting organisms
Definition

An ecosystem is a grouping of
organisms that interact with each other
and their environment in such a way as
to preserve the grouping.
 Components of Ecosystem
1. Biotic Component – living features of an ecosystem that
affect the community.

 Producers -They make their own food

 Consumers -They consume the organic compounds in plant and animal
tissues by eating.
a) Primary consumers
b) Secondary consumers
c) Tertiary consumers
 Decomposers-They are tiny organisms includes bacteria and fungi, which
turn organic compounds in dead plants and animals into inorganic materials.
 Components of an Ecosystem
2.Abiotic Components
- Are non-living features of an ecosystem that
affect the community.

Ex: physical and chemical conditions.

 Types of Ecosystem
I. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
-This ecosystem forms naturally without
interference of human.
Terrestrial

Grassland Forest Desert

Aquatic

Marine : Oceans Freshwater : Lakes

 Types of Ecosystem
II. ARTIFICIAL OR MANMADE -This ecosystem is
developed and maintained by human.

Aquarium Crop Field

Food Chain
Food Chains
• Food chain- The sequential inter-linking of
organisms involving transfer of food energy from
the producers, through a series of organisms with
repeated eating and being eaten.
• Food chains have 3 levels:
– Level 1 – Producers
– Level 2 – Consumers
– Level 3 – Decomposers
Level 1 - Producers
• Producers make their own
food using energy from the
sun.
• The role of producers is to
prepare food to provide
nutrition to the other
organisms present in the
ecosystem
 TWO TYPES OF PRODUCERS
• PHOTOAUTOTROPHS:
- These are green plants which can trap sun light to form
carbohydrate, simple sugar from carbon di-oxide and
water. This process is known as photosynthesis and these
organisms are called as photoautotrophs.
• CHEMOAUTOTROPHS:
- Few bacteria such as sulfur bacteria, nitrifying bacteria,
can be able to utilize free energy released from the
chemical reactions to prepare organic food with it. They
are called chemoautotrophs and the process is known as
chemosynthesis.
 Level 2 Consumers

• Consumers make up the

next level of energy
transfer.
• Consumers eat other
living things for energy.
Level 3 Decomposers
• Decomposers eat dead
animal remains or
animal waste.
• They return nutrients to
the soil for plants to use
as the cycle begins again.
• These are mainly
bacteria and fungi.
• Snails eat algae and when
the snail dies, fungi break
down its body.
Food Webs
FOOD WEB – A diagram that shows how food chains
connect and overlap.
• In contrast to food chain, food web has several
distinct characteristics:
(1) Food web are never straight.
(2) Food web is formed due to interlinking of food
chains.
(3) A food web in the ecosystem brings alternate
source of food.
 Energy Pyramids
• Energy pyramids are diagrams that show how much
food energy is passed from one organism to another
along the food chain.
– The base represents producers, which have the most
energy to pass on.
– The other levels represent consumers.
– As energy is transferred up the pyramid, it is lost.
– Only about 10% of energy is passed to the next level.
Energy Pyramid
 Flow of energy in food chain
• Sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth and plants
utilizes it to produce food for rest of the member of the
ecosystem. Only the 1% of the total energy fall on green part
of leaves is changed into the potential energy of the organic
substances, the rest of the energy dissipates as heat. To
explain the flow of energy, lindeman proposed the law of
ten per cent law. This law proposed that during transfer of
food energy from one trophic level to the other, only 10% is
stored at higher trophic and the rest 90% is lost in
respiration, decomposition and waste in the form of heat.
For example, 5000 joules fall on leaves, it will convert only
50 joules into the chemical form (food). It will be eaten by
rabbit, he will get only 5 joules (10% of 50 joules) on next
trophic level. Rabbit will be consumed by carnivorous and
they can be able store only 0.5 joules (10% of 5 joules).
THANK YOU!!
 SUMMARY
• ECOSYSTEM- is a community of living organisms in junction with
the non-living components of their environment, interacting as a
system.
• BIOTIC FACTOR- living features that affect the ecosystem.
• ABIOTIC FACTOR- non-living features that affect ecosystem.
• ECOLOGICAL/FOOD CHAIN- used to describe the way energy
moves through an ecosystem.
• FOOD WEB- network of food chains by which nutrients and
energy are passed on from one species of living organisms to
another.
The End!