Material engineering

Steel Reinforcement and steel

structures
 metals
• Applications
• Electrical wiring
• Structures: buildings, bridges, etc.
• Automobiles: body, chassis, springs, engine block, etc.
• Airplanes: engine components, fuselage, landing gear
assembly, etc.
• Trains: rails, engine components, body, wheels
• Machine tools: drill bits, hammers, screwdrivers, saw blades,
etc.
• Shape memory materials: eye glasses
• Magnets
• Catalysts
 metals
• Distinguishing features
• Atoms arranged in a regular repeating structure (crystalline -
Chpt. 3)
• Relatively good strength (defined later)
• Dense
• Malleable or ductile: high plasticity (defined later)
• Resistant to fracture: tough
• Excellent conductors of electricity and heat
• Opaque to visible light
• Shiny appearance
 REINFORCEMENT

• Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the

compression load.
• Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail.
• Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers,
http://www.eurocode2.info/images/reinforcement.jpg
glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
 Concrete Reinforcing
 Concrete - No Useful Tensile Strength
 Reinforcing Steel - Tensile Strength
– Similar Coefficient of thermal expansion
– Chemical Compatibility
– Adhesion Of Concrete To Steel

 Theory of Steel Location

“Place reinforcing steel where the
concrete is in tension”
 Reinforcing Steel
 Sizes
Eleven Standard Diameters
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18
Number refers to 1/8ths of an inch

 Grades
40, 50, 60
Steel Yield Strength
(in thousands of psi)
 Stirrups
 Position Beam Reinforcing
 Resist Diagonal Forces / Resist Cracking
Reinforcing a Continuous Concrete Beam

 Most Beams are not simple span beams

 Location of Tension Forces Changes
 Midspan - Bottom in Tension
 At Beam Supports - Top in Tension
 Reinforcing Concrete Columns
 Vertical Bars
– Carry Compressive &
– Tension Loads
– Bar Configuration -
– Multi-story
 Ties - Small bars
– - Wrapped around the vertical bars
– - Help prevent buckling
– - Circular or Rectangular
– - Column Ties or
– - Column Spirals
 Installation
 Composition of structural and reinforcement steel

•Basic composition: carbon + alloy iron

•Structural steel contain 0,3% -1.5% carbon
•Cast from molten mass and malleable in some
temperature range
•Large amount of carbon increase the strength
but reduce the ductility
•ASTM standart A36, A440 , and A520
 Steel classification

Within each group of alloy, classification can be

made according
(a) chemical composition, e.g. carbon
content or alloys content in steels;
(b) finished method, e.g. hot rolled or cold
rolled;
(c) product form, e.g. bar, plate, sheet,
tubing, structural shape;
(d) method of production, e.g. cast, wrought
alloys.
Manufacturing consideration
Majority of metallic components are wrought or cast
Wrought m/str:
usually stronger and more ductile than cast.
Available in many shapes & size tolerance
Hot worked products:
Tolerance are wider thus difficult for automatic
machining
Poor surface quality, esp. in sheet/wire drawing
Cold worked product:
Narrow tolerance
Residual stress cause unpredictable size change
during machining
 Fiber reinforced
• Add fiber to plain concrete for increase tensile strength or
reduce crack in tension region
• Fiber added are short, discontinuous, and randomly
distrubuted
• Commonly, some types of fiber are used as a reinforced
material. It can be divided into synthetic fibers such as nylon,
plastic, and natural fiber is derived from minerals, animals
and plants.
• Mineral fibers of metal or rock are carbon fiber, glass
fiberKevlar fiber and asbestos fiber
• Fiber derived from animals is silk, wool or fleece.
• Some fiber is a natural fiber from plants such as ramin, palm
fiber, coconut fiber and bamboo fiber
• diameter range: 0.02 – 500 micro m
 Steel fiber
: Crimped Steel Fibres
Hooked End Steel Fibres
 shapes
• Shape properties to increase moment of inertia
and radius of gyration
• W-shape, H-shape, C-shape, [ -shape,L-shape
• Plate girder shape