PRESENTED BY:

RANJEET SINGH
SACHIN ANAND
 INTRODUTION
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems
(GNSS) is the standard generic term for
satellite navigation systems that provide
autonomous geo-spatial positioning with
global coverage.

• GNSS allows small electronic receivers to

determine their location (longitude, latitude,
and altitude) to within a few meters using
time signals transmitted along a line-of-
sight by radio from satellites.
 OBJECTIVE
• Study various navigation systems.

• Frequencies used by these systems

• Type of technologies used for the manufacturing of GNSS receivers

• C-Band consideration

• New GNSS receivers available in the market.

• Practical use of GNSS

 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

• Four types of Global Navigation Systems

1. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

2. GLONASS

3. GALILEO

4. COMPASS
 COMPARISON OF GNSS SYSTEMS
Orbital
Number of
System Country Coding height & Status
satellites
period
United 22,200km,
GPS CDMA ≥ 24 operational
States 12.0h
operational
with
19,100km,
GLONASS Russia FDMA 20 restrictions,
11.3h
CDMA in
preparation
23,222km, in
Galileo Europe CDMA ≥ 27
14.1h preparation
21,150km, in
Compass China CDMA >30
12.6h preparation
PRINCIPLE OF GPS
WORKING
 FREQUENCIES USED
• GPS: L1 - (1575.42MHz)(C/A, P(Y), L1M), L2 - (1227.60MHz)(P(Y),
L2C, L2M), L3 – (1381.05MHz)(Used by NUDET), L5 – (1176.45MHz)
(New civilian (safety-of-life) signal)

• GLONASS: L1 - (1602.2MHz)(FDMA Civilian & Military),L2 -

(1246.00MHz)(FDMA Civilian & Military)

• GALILEO: L1- (1575.42MHz), E5- (1189MHz), E6-(1278.75)

• COMPASS: E1 - (1589 MHz), E2 - (1561 MHz), E5b - (1207 MHz) & E6

- (1268 MHz)
 GNSS RECEIVER TECHNOLOGIES
• GNSS receiver technology has changed dramatically since the first
reception of a GPS signal

• The core of a modern receiver is contained in one or more highly

sophisticated chips that perform all the receiver’s tasks, starting with signal
processing, followed by positioning, and often ending at application
processing.

• Four technologies:

1. Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

2. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
3. Digital signal processors (DSPs)
4. General purpose processors (CPUs)
GNSS RECEIVER TECHNOLOGIES
COMPARISON
Technology Development Performance Power Single Unit Flexibility
Consumption Cost

ASIC -- ++ ++ ++ --

FPGA - ++ + - +

DSP/CPU ++ +/++ +/- - +/- ++

 C(4-8 GHz)/L(1-2 GHz) Band
Consideration
• All GNSS signals operate in the crowded L-band portion of the radio
frequency spectrum

• In the past C-band spectrum has been considered and rejected due to:
- higher free space losses due to limitations on the higher
signal frequency.
-increase signal attenuation of C-band signals due to heavy
rains or indoors.

• Reason of consideration:
- Much smaller ionospherical errors for standard single
frequency applications.
- Decrease payload
GSR2700 GNSS GR-3
GNSS-RECEIVER
 GR-3
GSR2700 GNSS GNSS-RECEIVER
Number of 72 universal Number of Channels 72 Universal
channels channels Channels
Signals Tracked:
GPS L1, L2, L5 GPS L1, L1 CA, L1 P, L2, L2
GLONASS L1, L2 C, L2 P, L5
Antenna Type Internal Pinwheel GLONASS L1, L1 CA, L1 P, L2, L2
GNSS antenna CA, L2 P
GALILEO all signals
Memory 64 MB standard,
upgradeable to 2 Antenna Type Integrated Micro-
GB Center on Flat
Ground Plane
Cellular Integrated via SIM
Communications Card, GSM/GPRS Cellular Integrated via SIM
Communications Card, GSM/GPRS

Operating -40°C to +65°C Wireless Integrated Bluetooth

Temperature Communications version 1.2
Operating –20°C to 50°C
Environmental waterproof/dustpr Temperature
Specification oof Environmental waterproof/dustproo
Specification f
 CASE STUDIES

1. DETECTION OF POSITION OF
TRAIN INSIDE TUNNELS

2. LANDMINES DETECTION
DETECTION OF POSITION OF
TRAIN INSIDE TUNNELS

OUTSIDE
TUNNEL
INSIDE TUNNEL
LANDMINE DETECTION
INTERNAL VIEW OF ROBOT
 APPLICATIONS
•Automobiles

•Aircraft

•Boats and ships

•Spacecraft

•Precise time reference

•Skydiving
 CONCLUSION
• GNSS will be very exciting over the next ten years where more than 70
positioning satellites will be available.

• New technologies for receiver designing

• C band is taken in consideration

 REFERENCES

[1]. Guente R W. HeIN, THOMAS PANy, STefAN WALLNeR, JONG-HOON WON ,

“Platforms for a future GNSS Receiver” UnIversIty FAF MUnIch

[2]. Glen Gibbons, “GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Compass: What GNSS Race”.

[3]. India signs GLONASS agreement

http://www.rin.org.uk/pooled/articles/BF_NEWSART
/view.asp?Q=BF_NEWSART_156825

[4]. “Boost to Galileo sat-nav system". BBC News. 25 August 2008.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5286200.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-10

[5]. "JAXA Quasi-Zenith Satellite System". JAXA.

http://qzss.jaxa.jp/is-qzss/qzss_e.html Retrieved 2009-02-22
[6].Andreas Schmitz,”Architecture for a future C-band/L-band GNSS
Mission”,P[1-2]

[7]. Vialite,”GPS signal Re-Radiating in tunnel network”, PPM Ltd, 65

Shrivenham Hundred Business Park, Watchfield, Swindon, Wiltshire SN6
8TY, UK,P[2-4]

[8]. Topcon,”GPS+GLONASS+GALILEO+COMPASS”,
www.topcon.eu,P[2-3]

[9]. www.novatel.com\gnss-750

[10]. Two DeLorme Drive Yarmouth,” GPS Module Antenna and RF

Design Guidelines”,
www.delorme.com

[11]. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNSS