TIME RELATED METHODS (IN P.R.

A)
AND GRASSROOT
PLANNING METHODOLOGY

PRESENTED BY
PRINCE GEEVARGHESE
2019MSW26
Image courtesy - apfbcs.nic.in
 TIME RELATED METHODS
TIME LINE
TREND ANALYSIS
DAILY ACTIVITY SCHEDULE
SEASONAL
DIAGRAM\CALENDER
DREAM MAP
Historical Transect
1.TIME LINE
A list of key events in the history of the community
that helps identify past trends, events, problems,
and achievements in its life.
• Chronology of events
• Historical land marks of an individual,
community or institution
• As perceived by local people
IMAGE COURTESY- PRA NOTES(1991) ISSUE 13.PP.26-32.IIED LONDON
IMAGE COURTESY- PRA NOTES(1991) ISSUE 13.PP.26-32.IIED LONDON
image coutesy-slideshare.net
APPLICATIONS AND/OR 0BJECTIVES
• To learn form the community what they consider
to be important past events.
• To understand from the community the historical
perspective on current issues.
• To generate discussions on changes with respect to
issues you are interested in, e.g., education, health,
food security, gender relations, economic
conditions, etc.
• To develop a rapport with the villagers
STEPS
 Identify some elderly persons
 Explain to them the purpose of the exercise
 Ask them for events that they would
like to add
 Add years to the left side of the list of events.
 Initiate a discussion
 Analyse the time line
 Note down the major events
 You can focus on those aspects that are your area.
 Copy the details on to a paper
 2. Trend Analysis
Trend lines/analysis are helpful to
understand the resident’s perception of
significant changes in the communities over
time.

• Changes and trends

• People’s account of past, changes and trends
• People’s historical perspective
IMAGE COURTESY- PRA NOTES(1991) ISSUE 13.PP.26-32.IIED LONDON
Applications
 Learn from the community how it views change over time
in various sectors - Integrate key changes into a village
profile, which well simplify problem identification
 Begin to organize the range of opportunities for the
community to consider.
 Trend lines provide useful baseline information for
researchers operating on micro level follow ups of such
aspects as population, food availability, school enrollment
etc. It forms the basis upon which problem identification
and options assessment is made during the preparation of
the community action plan.
STEPS
 Select a group
 Initiate a discussion on the present situation
 Also facilitate the selection of time landmarks across
 Ask participants to make the matrix on the ground
 Also find out new aspects
 Ask to explain the diagram
 Facilitate the discussion further to arrive at the aspects
of trend analysis.
 Take up one of the aspects, ask the participants to
depict the situation
 Interview the diagram
 Copy the diagram
 Thank the participants.
 3.Daily Activity Schedule

(Daily schedule/ Daily Activity Profile/

Daily Routine/24 Hour Method/Gender daily calendar)

Most daily activities in traditional rural, societies are managed

along gender lines. There are activities that are specifically
performed by women, men or children.
In some communities gender role divisions are still pronounced.
In such cases it is necessary for the PRA team to be aware in
order not to be seen as interfering with the community cultural
norms specific gender roles so that new programmers are not
introduced to overburden an already overworked group.
 Temporal analysis of activities in unit of hours
or part of the day
 Applications
 Enhance an understanding of who does
 what, when and for how long.
 Increase general sensitization.(the quality or
condition of responding to certain stimuli in a
sensitive manner.)
 Finalize timings of intervention.
 Gender daily calendar provides a clear picture of who
does what in the community.
 It will help in the formulation of the community
Action Plan.
 The community will become aware that unless some
changes in gender relations are effected rural
development will not proceed as quickly as they would
like it to be.
 STEPS
1. Organize separate focus groups of men and women. Make sure that each
group includes people from different socio-economic groups.2. Explain
that you would like to learn about what they do on a typical day.
2. Ask the groups of men and women to prepare their clocks. You can start by
asking them what they did yesterday and how they generally pass their day
this time of the year. It's easy to start the clocks by asking them what time
they usually get up.
3. Build up a picture of all the activities they carried out the day before, and
how long they took. Plot each activity on a circle which represents a clock.
Activities that are carried out at the same time (such as child care and
cooking) can be noted in the same spaces.
4. When the clocks are done, ask questions about the activities shown.
5. Note the present season (for example raining season, dry season).
6. If there is time, ask the participants to produce new clocks to represent a
typical day in the other season.
7. Compare the clocks.
8. Use the key questions above to guide a discussion about people's activities
and workloads
image courtesy-slideshare.net
 4. Seasonal calendar

The seasonal calendar attempts

to establish regular cycles or
patterns of activities and
occurrences within a
community over 12 months.

IMAGE COURTESY- vannakblog.blogspot.com

 present large quantities of diverse information in a
common time frame. It compares community
activities. Month by month, across sectoral
boundaries.
 It identifies cycles of activity that occur within the
life of community on a regular basis, and helps
determine whether there are common periods of
excessive environmental problems of
opportunities over the course of normal year.
 These yearly cycles are important in determining
for example; labour availability, timing for project
activity, potential absorptive capacity for new
activities, times of diseases and food shortage and
variation of cash flow.
 What The actual themes to be recorded will vary
from community to community some of the more
commonly used topics include annual rainfall,
water availability, cash and food crops, livestock,
labour demand, food shortages, and human, crop
and animal diseases.
 The calendar should show times when problems
may be acute, variation in labour demand by
gender and age etc.
Steps
 Identify what type of seasonal pattern you wish to
learn.
 Find one or more people able and willing to share
their knowledge and their views.
 Find a suitable space, enough space and shade.
 Explain the purpose of exercise carefully
 Ask when their year starts
 Ask how they divide the year
Use local calendars
Religious festivals
Agricultural operation
 Have the informant mark the unit on the ground, floor
or a paper
 Compare quantities
 Ask the participant to mark which month is or are the
most extreme
 Continue comparing each month with extreme until
the whole year is completed .
 Application
 Information collected during the drawing of the
seasonal calendar is very rich, not only in terms of
what is put down by the community, but also in what
comes out from the discussions during the process.
 For example seasonal calendar data provides
information on opinions and attitudes of the
community towards certain activities. These include
attitudes towards gender allocation of labour, gender
ownership and control of resources, etc.
 such information helps the PRA Team and the
community to prepare the community action plan.
 5.DREAM MAP
The future vision or aspirations of the people.
What distinguishes a dream map from other
types of maps is that it is an exercise where
community members conjecture about the
future.
Not only does it reveal what changes people
would like to see in their lives and community,
but the exercise may also uncover potential
solutions to obstacles facing the community.
Through this exercise, participants have the
ability to build upon the dream map and
initiate a discussion on planning activities for a
better future.
IMAGE COURTESY- msungua.blogspot.com
IMAGE COURTESY-medium.com
Applications

• Understanding the dreams, aspirations, and perspectives of the local

people.
• Planning interventions in relation to areas where people desire
change.
• Monitoring the progress a community has made against the standards
or goals set by the community members themselves.
You can also have dream maps made by different groups. This helps in
arriving at the different perspectives of various groups about their
future. Such dream maps can include:
• A dream map of a village drawn by men, women, and children
separately
• A dream map of a school drawn by children, parents, and teachers
separately
• A dream map of a house drawn by various family members
• A dream resource map of a village drawn by the landless and land-
owning households.
Process
• Explain the purpose of the exercise to the participants and
ask them to draw a map depicting the present situation.
• Once the first map is completed, ask the participants to
visually illustrate their aspirations for the community.
• Once the dream map is made, showcase the two maps and
initiate a discussion among the participants. The main
points for discussion may include::
- The problems of the present situation and their causes
- The aspired state and ways of realizing it (including the
actors who could help or hinder its realization
- Factors affecting the realization of their dream
- Their own role in the realization of their dreams
• Ask them to list indicators against which the realization
of their dream can be monitored.
• Listen carefully to the ensuing discussion, and take note
of important points. Copy the maps with all the relevant
details. Thank the participants for their time and active
involvement.
6. HISTORICAL TRANSECT
a visual representation of the temporal dimension of people's
reality
Applications

 Historical transects are used to explore and represent the

temporal dimension of people's reality.
 This tool has been commonly used to explore the changes
in the availability of natural resources over a period of time.
 Historical transects also reveal potential causes behind the
fluctuations in such resources.
 Once these factors are established, discussions can focus
on preparing the communities for periods of such change
Process
• Invite a group of local people who are interested in natural
resources and who are also familiar with the history of the
community to participate in a discussion.
• Explain the purpose of the exercise to the participants.
Identify the aspects that you would like to study from a historical
perspective and also identify the time landmarks that you would
like to use. Proactively involve the participants in the
identification of these parameters.
• Encourage the participants to use symbols or visuals to depict
the landmark years.
• Draw a grid on the floor and place the cards marked with the
important factors that you would like to investigate horizontally
and the time period cards vertically.
• Encourage a discussion among the participants on the
historical transect.
like
Q) What is it like today?
Q) What was it like earlier
(
GRASS ROOT PLANNING
METHODOLOGY
 Identifying Grass Root Problems and Generating
Sustainable Solutions through Participatory Rural
Appraisal.
 (Grass root planning methodology include
Identifying the problem
Collecting details through PRA methods.
Specifying the goal.
Planning the action.,(place,time,range,methods etc)
Creating and spreading awareness among the people.
Mobilising the people and action through proper channel.
Call for action or change.)
GRASS ROOT PLANNING\
MICRO LEVEL PLANNING
It is a technique which helps in
 identifying developmental needs of the community
people ,
 prioritizing them and formulating viable projects
So that
 With limited resources maximum development could
be achieved in a stipulated time period.
(https://www.egyankosh.ac.in>bitstream (pdf))
Grass root panning methodology usually use for social
action using the power of people. It will have the face
of social action in most of the times.
Most times it start as a small event or action and spread
to more area.
International,national,state level actions are now
commom in terms of grass root mobilisation.
Earth our is one of the best example for grass root
mobilisation and grass root planning methodology.
Earth Hour is an annual environmental campaign
that brings attention to the effects of climate change by
asking people to switch of lights at homes and
businesses for an hour at 8.30pm (20:30), local time,
usually on the last Saturday of March.
Earth Hour is a global WWF (formerly known as World
Wildlife Fund) climate change initiative. It is an event
that aims to create awareness of people taking
responsibility towards a sustainable future by turning
the lights off. Earth Hour is not to be confused
with Earth Day
IMAGE COURTESY-©iStockphoto.com/Trista Weibell
Millions of people turn off their lights for Earth Hour at
8.30pm (20:30) in their local times on the last Saturday
of March. Iconic buildings and landmarks from
Europe to Asia to the Americas have stood in darkness
during previous Earth Hours. Some people enjoy Earth
Hour with a candle-lit dinner or a candle-lit bath,
while others host large events or parties, either in
darkness or with candles, to celebrate Earth Hour.
Businesses and government organizations, as well as
community and political leaders also take part in Earth
Hour. It's about giving people a voice on the planet’s
future and working together to create a sustainable low
carbon future for planet earth.
Earth Hour started in Sydney, Australia, in 2007. This event
saw 2.2 million homes and businesses turn their lights off
for one hour to make their stand against climate change
that year. Earth Hour had become a global sustainability
movement with more than 50 mililon people across 35
countries participating in 2008. Global landmarks such as
the, Sydney Harbour Bridge, the CN Tower in Toronto, the
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and Rome’s
Colosseum, all stood in darkness for Earth Hour. In March
2009, hundreds of millions of people took part in the third
Earth Hour.
WWF, which organizes the annual Earth Hour event, aims to
stop the degradation of the Earth's natural environment. It
also focuses on building a future where people live in
harmony with nature. The organization functions through
a network of more than 90 offices in more than 40
countries worldwide. Its first office was founded in Morges,
Switzerland, on September 11, 1961.
 Narmada bachao andolan
Narmada Bachao Andolan had various groups in it.
Some of the prominent groups were
Gujrat based Narmada Asargrastha Samithi
-Committee of the affected people.
Madhya Pradesh based, Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samithi
-Committee for a new life in Narmada Valley
Maharashtra based Narmada Dharangrastha Samithi
–Committee for Narmada dam-affected people.
Narmada Bachao Andolan was also supported by various other
NGO’s and other famous personalities.
NBA's slogans include –
“Vikas Chahiye, Vinash Nahin!
(Development wanted, not destruction)
"Koi nahi hatega, bandh nahi banega!"
(We won't move, the dam won't be constructed).
 Bombay, June 1993 The adivasis from the Narmada
Valley marched in Bombay streets, claiming that
the fodder, flowers, crops, cattle, wood, and grass
all belong to them not the government.
 The village of Kutch is not getting any water.
 What will be the benefit of the project if the dam
is going to give water to Kutch in 2025 and not
now?
 People need water for their basic amenities and
day to day need not only for future purposes.
 By the end of construction of the dam, from the
fishermen to normal people will be affected to the core and who
will be responsible for their loss; nobody, not even the Indian
Government.
This is not only the problem of the people living in the Manibeli
village or the Narmada Valley, this is the problem of all the
people who are oppressed and those who are not given their
fundamental right to life and liberty.
This fight will bring those who are still silent and will realize that
they must protest and revolt if their rights are violated. Right to
life guaranteed by the Indian Constitution is equally applicable
for all the people irrespective of their caste creed and color or the
status in the society.
As the officials acted as if they are least bothered about what is
happening with the adivasis and the farmers, Medha Patkar and
Deorambhai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike.
Image courtesy
rightlivelihoodaward.org
 While the environmentalists were raising concerns over the
government’s decision to go ahead with construction of dams including
Sardar Sarovar on Narmada, Medha Patkar, a Ph.D. student visited some
of the villages to be affected by the river valley development programme
in 1985.
 Following her visit, Medha Patkar submitted her critique of the
project to the government espousing the cause of the displaced people
who had not been rehabilitated or “informed” properly about the
government’s plan. Medha Patkar also tried to impress upon the World
Bank, which stopped funding the Sardar Sarovar Dam in 1994.
 When things did not go to the satisfaction of the activists, Medha Patkar
dropped her Ph.D. study and along with veteran activist Baba Amte led
the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save Narmada Movement) or the NBA.
Medha Patkar undertook several fasts for weeks. At times, she remained
immersed along with her supporter in the Narmada water.

.( https://www.iaspaper.net/narmada-bachao-andolan/)
( A photograph of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the River Narmada, India, showing
the principal spillway and construction underway for increasing the height
from 110.64 metres to 121.92 as per clearance granted in March 2006.
Date24 December 2006,Sardar Sarovar Dam 2006, India.jpg courtesy to
wikipedia)
 REFERENCES

 A,J CHRISTOPHER AND A. THOMAS WILLIAM , COMMUNITY

ORGANISATION AND SOCIAL ACTION,HIMALAYA PUBLISHING
HOUSE,2006
 SAMGAR R.SANGMA ,WORKING IN THE FIELD OF ECOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT.EMPOWERING PEOPLE'S
PARTICIPATION.
https://samgar2007.blogspot.com/2010/08/participatory
-rural-appraisal-tools-and.html
 Participatory Rural Appraisal and Participatory
Learning methods: recent experiences from Myrada
and South India, James Mascarenhas
https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G01399.pdf
 https://www.egyankosh.ac.in>bitstream (pdf))
 http://jmpcollege.org/downloads/NARMADA%20BAC
HAO%20ANDOLAN.pdf
 https://www.earthhour.org/sites/default/files/Earth%
20Hour%202016%20Report.pdf
 https://www.iaspaper.net/narmada-bachao-andolan/)
THANK YOU