LINE TRACKING PROXIMITY SENSOR

BY
A.SAI KRISHNA(16J41A0464)
P.HARINI(16J41A04A5)
P.KAVYA SRI(16J41A04A8)
CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• COMPONENTS REQUIRED
• WORKING PROCEDURE
• CODE
• APPLICATIONS
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
INTRODUCTION:-

• Mankind is habituated to seek comfort. Concept of line following

proximity sensor robot which will be functioned following a particular line,
may help an industry to attenuate the labor cost or may alternatives of the
labors.
• We have accumulated a line follower robot which will be able to track a
certain path then carry objects to the defined place by following a
predefined line.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

The line follower robot built in this project is divided into 4 blocks. The
following image shows the block diagram for line follower robot.
• Sensors(IR) :-
We have used IR sensor module as line detecting sensor for the project.
It consists of an IR LED and a photo diode & other components like
comparator , LED etc.
• Controller ( Arduino UNO) :-
Arduino UNO is the main controller in project. The data from sensors
will be given to arduino and it gives corresponding signals to motor driver IC.
• Motor Driver(L293D) :-
L293D motor driver IC is used to drive the motors of the robot . It
recieves the signals from arduino based on the info from IR sensors.
• Motors(Geared Motors) :-
We have used two geared motors at the rear of the line following
robot. These motors provide more torque than normal motors & can be used
for carrying some load as well.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

• The below figure is a line tracking proximity sensor circuit diagram.

 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

• ARDUINO UNO :-
It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.
The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins & programmable
Arduino IDE via USB cable.
• L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC :-
L293D is a typical motor driver which allows dc motor to
drive on either direction. It is 16 pin IC. You can control two dc motor with a
single L293D IC.
• GEARED MOTORS :-
A gearmotor is a single component that integrates a gear
Reducer with either an ac or dc electric motor. Gear motors can deliver high
torque at low horsepower or low speed.
• ROBOT CHASSIS :-
A chassis is the frame work of an artificial object, which
supports the object in its construction & use.
• IR SENSORS :-
The IR sensors are sensors that detect infrared radiation.
And that uses the property of IR radiation to detect the changes
In surrounding.
• BLACK TAPE :-
The visual line(black tape) is the path in which the line follower
robot goes and it will be a black line on a white surface.
• CONNECTING WIRES:-
These are used to connect the different parts in the motor.
• POWER SUPPLY :-
This is used to give power supply to the motor for moving in
clockwise and anticlockwise direction.
 WORKING PROCEDURE
• Algorithm for a line tracking proximity sensor.
• The line following robot is one of the self-operating robots. That detects
and follows a line drawn on the area.
• The line is indicated by white line on a black surface or black line on white
surface. This system must be sense by the line.
• This application is depends upon the sensors. That is proximity sensor and
IR sensor.
• The proximity sensor is used for the path detection.
• IR sensor is used for the obstacle detection.
• These sensors are mounted at front end of the robot.
• The microcontroller is an intelligent device the whole circuit is controlled
by the micro controller.

This is the brief explanation of the line following proximity

sensor.
CODE
APPLICATIONS :-
• Industrial automated equipment carriers.
• Automated cars.
• Tour guides in museums and other similar applications.
• Deliver the mail within the office building.
• Deliver medications in a hospital.
ADVANTAGES :-
• The robot must be capable of following a line.
• It should be capable of taking various degrees of turns.
• The color of line must not be a factor as long as it is darker than the
surroundings.
DISADVANTAGES :-
• Higher utility cost.
• Requires huge amount of financial investment.
• Low availability.