Consider a chunk of carbon which is

a pure substance. Imagine dividing it

into two. Then dividing again into
two. If you continue dividing each
piece over and over again up to even
a thousand times, would you still be
left with carbon?
The development of the
atomic model of matter
started from the early Greek
concept of the atom
 Greek philosophers and thinkers
wondered whether matter could be
divided infinitely into smaller pieces
or if there was a limit to the number
of times a piece of matter could be
divided.

It was the Greek philosophers and

thinkers who were the first to
describe matter.
 Democritus (460 - 370 BC)
 Was the first person to come up with the idea of atom
 Believed that all matters were composed of indivisible particles
he called “ATOMS”
 Which is derived from the Greek word “Atomos” – meaning
indivisible
 Atomists – philosophers who shared the idea of
Democritus
 He hypothesized/believed that atoms:
 Are very small and hard

 Made of the same materials

 Have different sizes and shapes

 Have different properties

 Atoms could be combined, always moving and

infinite in number
Contribution of John Dalton Toward the
Understanding of the Concept of Chemical
Elements
 Elements are primary substances that compose all
matters in our surroundings. There are many
different kinds of elements. In fact there are 118 of
them. 88 of them are naturally occurring and the
rest of them are produced artificially and cannot be
found in nature.
 Atom is the smallest particle of an element that
retains the characteristics of the element.
 Things around us are built up with billions of atoms
packed together
 John Dalton (1766-1844)
• Dalton is the “Father of
Atomic Theory”
• Dalton’s ideas were so
brilliant that they have
remained essentially
intact up to the present
time and has only been
slightly corrected.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)
5 Postulates
1. Atoms are indivisible particles and all
elements are composed of atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are
identical, having the same:
- size
- mass
- chemical properties.
3. All atoms of different elements are
different.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)
5 Postulates
4. Two or more atoms of elements can be
combined to form compounds. They
combine in fixed ratios of whole numbers
forming particles of molecules.

5. Atoms are units of chemical change which

involves combinations or reaarrangements
of atoms where they are not created,
destroyed, or changed.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

 Dalton’s Atomic Model
•Based on Dalton’s Atomic
Theory (5 postulates), most
scientists in the 1800s believed
that the atom was like a tiny
solid ball that could not be
broken up into parts.
 JJ Thomson (1856-1940)
• An english scientist, first
speculated that the atom is
made up of even smaller
particles.
•Used cathode rays to prove
that Dalton’s Solid-ball model
could be broken into smaller
particles
•Thomson is credited with
discovering corpuscles -
electrons
 JJ Thomson (1856-1940)
• An atom consists of a
sphere of positive charge
with negatively charged
electron embedded in it.
•Thomson’s atomic theory
proposed a model of atom
which is known as plum
pudding model.
 Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
•Thomson’s Plum Pudding model is a +
charge sphere that has (- )charged
electrons scattered inside, like “raisins”
in “plum pudding”.
•Overall, the atom is neutral atom
because the atom had the same
number of positive and negative
charges.
 Rutherford (1871-1937)
 Took Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
and added to it
 Used the “Gold Foil Experiment” and
described the characteristics of the
atom:
 It consists of a small core that
contains most of the mass of the
atom. - nucleus
 This nucleus is made up of
particles called protons which has
a positive charge (in later
experiments)
 The protons are surrounded by a
negatively charged electrons but
most of the atom is actually an
empty space.
 Was a student of J.J Thompson
 Gold Foil Experiment
 Rutherford directed a narrow
beam of alpha particles (+
charges) at a thin piece of
gold foil.

 Based on observations from

other experiments involving
alpha particles, he predicted
that the (+) charges would
go through the foil
 Results from Gold Foil Experiment

•Rutherford found that every

once and a while, a + particle
was deflected bounced back.
•Why?
•Because the + charge hit a
central mass of positive charge
and was repelled.
The Gold Foil Experiment
 Conclusions from Rutherford’s
Gold Foil Experiment (memorize this!)
• The atom contains a positively charged
“nucleus”
•This nucleus contains almost all of the mass of
the atom, but occupies a very small volume of
the atom.
•The negatively charged electrons occupied most
of the volume of the atom.
• The atom is mostly empty space.
 Rutherford’s Model
• To explain his
observations,
Rutherford developed a
new model
•The electrons orbit
the nucleus like the
planets revolve around
the sun.
 Bohr (1885-1962)
 In Rutherford’s model, the exact
location of the electrons outside
the nucleus was not determined.
 He made an improvement on
Rutherford’s model. In his
model, he placed each electron
on a specific energy level. This
electron move in definite orbits
around the nucleus.
 These orbits or energy levels
were located at certain distances
around the nucleus.
 Bohr’s Energy Level Model
Energy Level Model: Electrons are
arranged in circles around the
nucleus. Each circle has a different
energy.
•Electrons are in constant motion,
traveling around the circle at the
speed of light.
•Electrons can “jump” from one circle
to the next
•But they can’t go to the nucleus they
traveling too fast to be fully attracted.
 Bohr’s Energy Level Model
 He proposed the following:
1. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus
2. Electrons can only be certain distances from
the nucleus.
3. The electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed
energy levels.
 Wave Model
 States that an atom is composed
of a small positively charged
nucleus, surrounded by a large
region where there are enough
electrons surroundings the
nucleus to make the atom
neutral.
 It is impossible to determine the
exact location of an electron.
Scientist can only predict the
probable location of an electron.
Atomic Models
 Review
Who is the father of atomic theory?
Dalton
What was the first model of the atom?
Dalton’s Tiny Ball Model
What are Dalton’s 3 Laws?
Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of
Constant Composition, Law of Multiple
Porportion
 Review
How were Thomson’s and Dalton’s model
different?
Dalton’s model was 1 sphere that cannot
be divided, Thomson had the plum pudding
where electrons are randomly spread
throughout a positively charged sphere.
What did Thomson find out?
Atoms have electrons, they have a - charge
 Review
What were Rutherford’s conclusions from the
Gold Foil Experiment?
 Atom has a positively charged nucleus

 electrons are outside,

 atoms are mostly empty

 Nucleus contains most of the mass.