Theories of Personality

Jan Patrick Gutierrez, RP, RPm

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Table of Specification
• 1. Robin protects herself against the threat of change by
constantly clinging to objects and behaviors left from her
early childhood. It thus appears that Robin is relying
primarily on which Freudian defense mechanism?
• A. reaction formation
• B. fixation
• C. projection
• D. regression
• E. sublimation
• 2. Klein believed that children introject their mother into
their psychic structure. This means that they
a) believe that they are inside their mother.
b) believe that their mother is inside their own body.
c) reject their mother’s authority.
d) adopt their mother’s standards of morality.
• Related to Freud’s Instinct Theory but Differs in Three
Important Ways:
• Emphasizes consistent patterns of interpersonal
relationships
• Stresses intimacy and nurturing (maternal)
• Relatedness as prime motive of human behavior

Introduction to Object
Relations Theory
• Fantasies
• Infants possess an active fantasy life
• Most basic fantasies are of what is “good” and “bad” (e.g.,
good and bad breast)
• Objects
• Drives have an object
• Objects are introjected or taken into child’s fantasy world
and have a life of their own

Psychic Life of the Infant

• Paranoid-Schizoid Position
• Organizing experiences in way that includes both feelings
of persecution and splitting of internal and external objects
into the good and the bad
• Depressive Position
• Anxiety over losing a loved object
• Sense of guilt for wanting to destroy loved object

Positions
• Introjection - infants fantasize taking into their body those
perceptions and experiences that they have had with the
external object, originally the mother’s breast.
• Projection - the fantasy that one’s own feelings and impulses
actually reside in another person and not within one’s body.
• Splitting - A psychic defense mechanism in which the child
subjectively separates incompatible aspects of an object.
• Projective Identification - psychic defense mechanism in
which infants split off unacceptable parts of themselves,
project them into another object, and finally introject them
back into themselves in a changed or distorted form.

Psychic Defense
Mechanisms
• Aspects of the External World That Are
Organized Internally into a Psychologically
Meaningful Framework
• Ego - The ego begins to evolve with the infant’s first experience
with feeding, when the good breast fills the infant not only with milk
but with love and security.
• Superego - Klein’s picture of the superego differs from Freud’s in
at least three important respects:
• 1. it emerges much earlier in life
• 2. it is not an outgrowth of the Oedipus complex;
• 3. it is much more harsh and cruel.

Internalizations
• Oedipus Complex - Klein held that the Oedipus complex
• begins during the earliest months of life, overlaps with the oral and anal
stages, and reaches its climax during the genital stage at around age 3 or
4.
• a significant part of the Oedipus complex is children’s fear of retaliation
from their parent for their fantasy of emptying the parent’s body.
• children retaining positive feelings toward both parents during the
Oedipal years.
• the Oedipus complex serves the same need for both genders, that is, to
establish a positive attitude with the good or gratifying object (breast or
penis) and to avoid the bad or terrifying object (breast or penis)
• 3. Jodie is in depressive position as described by
Klein. Which statement is accurate to her?
a) She has feelings of anxiety over losing Martin, a
loved object, and a sense of guilt for wanting to
destroy that object.
b) She has feelings of persecution for wanting to
destroy the bad breast during her infancy stage.
c) There is a desire to devour and harbor the good
breast.
d) She has irrational fear of being bitten by
animals.
• Margaret Mahler’s View
• Stages of Psychological Birth
1. Normal autism (birth through 3-4 weeks)
- “unhatched egg”; “objectless” stage

2. Normal symbiosis (4th week-5th month)

- the infant behaves and functions as though he and his mother
were an omnipotent system—a dual unity within one
common boundary
- The symbiosis is characterized by a mutual cuing of infant
and mother.
3. Separation-individuation (5th-36th month)

Later Views of Object

Relations
1. Differentiation, - marked by a bodily breaking away from the
mother-infant symbiotic orbit
2. Practicing - children easily distinguish their body from their
mother’s, establish a specific bond with their mother, and
begin to develop an autonomous ego
3. Rapprochement - they desire to bring their mother and
themselves back together, both physically and psychologically.
• Rapprochement crisis – Conflict encountered by infants due to
failure to return to the symbiotic relationship.
• 4. Libidinal object constancy - children must develop a
constant inner representation of their mother so that they can
tolerate being physically separate from her.

Separation-Individuation
• John Bowlby’s View
• Tried to Integrate with Evolutionary Theory
• Childhood was the Starting Point
• By studying human and other primate infants, he
observed three stages of separation anxiety:
• Protest, Despair, & Detachment
• Two fundamental assumptions
• Caregiver must create a secure base of child
• Bonding relationship becomes internalized and acts
as model for future relationships

Later Views of Object

Relations
• Mary Ainsworth was influenced by Bowlby
• Developed Strange Situation technique for measuring
attachment style
• Found three basic styles:
• Secure, Anxious-resistant, & Anxious-avoidant

Later Views of Object

Relations
• 4. Jade is a 20 year old college junior who checks in daily
with her out of state mother by email or telephone. Jade,
who makes no decisions without consulting her mother, is
a pre med major because her mother insists that she
become a doctor. Adler would see Jade`s relationship
with her mother as a ________ one.
• A. Parasitic
• B. Casual
• C. Loving
• D. Sadistic
• 5. In Jungian psychology, religious fanatics swept up in a
strongly felt cause are frequently _______ types.
• A. introverted intuiting
• B. introverted thinking
• C. introverted sensing
• D. introverted judging
• Conscious
• Psychic images sensed by the ego
• Personal Unconscious
• Repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences
• Collective Unconscious
• Ideas from the experiences inherited from our ancestors
• Archetypes
• Archaic images derived from the collective unconscious

Levels of Psyche
• Archetypes include:
• Persona
• Shadow
• Anima(female)
• Animus(male)
• Great Mother
• Wise Old Man
• Hero
• The Self

Archetypes
• Attitudes
• Predisposition to act in a characteristic direction
• Introversion
• The turning inward of psychic energy with an
orientation toward the subjective
• Extraversion
• The turning outward of psychic energy so that a
person is oriented toward the objective and away
from the subjective

Psychological Types
• Functions
• Thinking
• Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas
• Feeling
• Evaluating an idea or event
• Sensation
• Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual
consciousness
• Intuition
• Perception beyond the workings of consciousness

Psychological Types
• 6. Mahler believed that when infants realize that they
cannot satisfy their own basic needs, they
a) reject those needs and introject a new set of learned
needs.
b) become autistic.
c) seek a symbiotic relationship with their mother.
d) merge their ego with their superego.
• 7. A man goes into a gay bar and initiates a fight with a
homosexual man as a result of his own unconscious
homosexual impulses. This is an example of which
Freudian defense mechanism?
• A. sublimation
• B. introjection
• C. fixation
• D. projection
• 8. Levy develops tension headaches while trying to
meet a deadline at work. This tactic allows him to escape
responsibility for meeting the deadline and to receive
sympathy from his boss and coworkers. According to
Adler, Levy’s headaches are examples of
• an organ dialect.
• an organ inferiority.
• an as-if illness.
• a fiction.
• 9. Adler’s concept of standing still is
similar to Freud’s concept of
a) fixation.
b) repression.
c) regression.
d) sublimation.
e) projection.
•
• Striving:
• The Final Goal of Behavior
• Compensation
• For Personal Superiority
• For Success

Striving for Success or

Superiority
• Fictionalism
• Final goal (which is a fiction):
• Guides our style of life
• Gives unity to our personality
• Renders our behavior purposeful
• Physical Inferiorities
• All humans born physically inferior
• Need fictions of strength to overcome these deficiencies
• Serve as an impetus towards perfection

Subjective Perceptions
• Social Interest: A Force that Binds Society Together
• Origins of Social Interest
• Potentiality is found in everyone
• Found in Mother-Infant relationship
• Fostered by social environment
• Importance of Social Interest
• Measure of psychological health and maturity
• “The sole criterion of human values” and the “barometer of
normality”

Social Interest
• Fictionalism
• Final goal (which is a fiction):
• Guides our style of life
• Gives unity to our personality
• Renders our behavior purposeful
• Physical Inferiorities
• All humans born physically inferior
• Need fictions of strength to overcome these deficiencies
• Serve as an impetus towards perfection

Subjective Perceptions
• “Style of life” is the term Adler used to refer to the flavor
of a person’s life
• Includes personal goal, self-concept, empathy, and attitude
toward world
• Product of heredity, environment, and creative power
• Mostly set by 4 or 5 years of age
• Healthy individuals express this through action and struggle
to solve problems of neighborly love, sexual love, and
occupation

Style of Life
• 10. The ego is divided into objective and subjective
aspects during the _______ phase of childhood,
according to Jung.
• A. dualistic
• B. monarchic
• C. anarchic
• D. bimodal
• Childhood
• anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic
consciousness.
• monarchic phase is characterized by the development of the ego
and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking.
• dualistic phase of childhood when the ego is divided into the
objective and subjective.
• Youth
• conservative principle. The major difficulty facing youth is to
overcome the natural tendency (found also in middle and later
years) to cling to the narrow consciousness of childhood, thus
avoiding problems pertinent to the present time of life.

Stages of Development by
Jung
• Middle Life
• They are capable of giving up the extraverted goals of youth
and moving in the introverted direction of expanded
consciousness
• Old Age
• People experience a diminution of consciousness just as the
light and warmth of the sun diminish at dusk.
• 11. According to Klein, the person or part of a person
through which the aim of an instinct is satisfied is called
• A. an object
• B. an impetus.
• C. the source.
• D. a motivator.
• 12. An infant remains calm when her mother exits the
room, leaving her with a stranger. When the mother
returns, the infant ignores her. According to Ainsworth,
this infant is displaying the _______ attachment style.
• A. anxious resistant
• B. anxious avoidant
• C. secure
• D. insecure
• Secure Attachment– (60-70%) explores environment in mother’s
presence, upset when she leaves, distressed when mother leaves and
not well-comforted by stranger, calms down quickly when mother
returns
• Avoidant Attachment– (15-20%) not distressed when mother leaves,
equally comforted by stranger and mother, shows little interest when
mother returns
• Resistant Attachment– (10-15%) does not explore environment,
intense distress when mother leaves, avoids stranger, resists mother
when she returns and is not easily comforted
• Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment– (5-10%) child has random
outburts and periods of unresponsiveness as well as spurts of sudden
emotion; unpredictable behavior

Attachment Styles
• 13. Martha believes that she is ‘un-athlethic’ as
compared to her friends. According to Adler, this
a) causes her inferior personality.
b) causes her superior personality.
c) is important because this feeling stimulate
subjective feelings of inferiority.
d) is important because it may bestow purpose on
all of her behavior.
• 14. When your neighbors envy, gossip, and
show intolerance, they are showing
manifestations of which Adlerian
safeguarding tendency?
a) excuses
b) depreciation
c) accusation
d) self-accusation
e) withdrawal
• Basic hostility
• Arise when parents do not satisfy child’s needs for safety
and satisfaction
• Basic anxiety
• Repressed hostility leads to feelings of insecurity and
apprehension

Basic Hostility and Basic

Anxiety
• Neurotics Repeat Same Unproductive Strategy
• Neurotic Needs
• Attempts reduce basic anxiety
• 10 categories
• Neurotic Trends Are Attitudes Toward Self and Others,
and Include
• Moving toward people
• Moving against people
• Moving away from people

Compulsive Drives
• 15. Tami is proud of her intellectual skills and abilities,
and she is pleased when others notice and admire her
superior intelligence. These characteristics reflect
neurotic need for
• A. power.
• B. affection and approval.
• C. independence.
• D. prestige.
• E. personal admiration.
Neurotic
Trends
and
Needs
1. The Neurotic Need for Affection and Approval
• This needs include the desires to be liked, to please other people, and
meet the expectations of others. People with this type of need are
extremely sensitive to rejection and criticism and fear the anger or
hostility of others.

2. The Neurotic Need for a Partner Who Will Take Over One’s Life
• These involve the need to be centered on a partner.
• People with this need suffer extreme fear of being abandoned by their
partner. Oftentimes, these individuals place an exaggerated
importance on love and believe that having a partner will resolve all
of life’s troubles.

3. The Neurotic Need to Restrict One’s Life Within Narrow Borders

• Individuals with this need prefer to remain inconspicuous and
unnoticed. They are undemanding and content with little. They avoid
wishing for material things, often making their own needs secondary
and undervaluing their own talents and abilities.
4. The Neurotic Need for Power
• Individuals with this need seek power for its own sake. They
usually praise strength, despise weakness, and will exploit or
dominate other people. These people fear personal limitations,
helplessness, and uncontrollable situations.

5. The Neurotic Need to Exploit Others

• These individuals view others in terms of what can be gained
through association with them. People with this need generally
pride themselves in their ability to exploit other people and are
often focused on manipulating others to obtain desired objectives,
including such things as ideas, power, money, or sex.

6. The Neurotic Need for Prestige

• Individuals with a need for prestige value themselves in terms of
public recognition and acclaim. Material possessions, personality
characteristics, professional accomplishments, and loved ones are
evaluated based upon prestige value. These individuals often fear
public embarrassment and loss of social status.
7. The Neurotic Need for Personal Admiration
• Individuals with a neurotic need for personal admiration are
narcissistic and have an exaggerated self-perception. They want to be
admired based on this imagined self-view, not upon how they really
are.

8. The Neurotic Need for Personal Achievement

• According to Horney, people push themselves to achieve greater and
greater things as a result of basic insecurity. These individuals fear
failure and feel a constant need to accomplish more than other people
and to top even their own earlier successes.

9. The Neurotic Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence

• These individuals exhibit a “loner” mentality, distancing themselves
from others in order to avoid being tied down or dependent upon
other people.

10. The Neurotic Need for Perfection and Unassailability

• These individuals constantly strive for complete infallibility. A
common feature of this neurotic need is searching for personal flaws
in order to quickly change or cover up these perceived imperfections.
• 16. Lemuel often sets up complex rules and outrageous
standards that they feel he must follow. Horney refers to
this as a manifestation of
• A. Neurotic pride
• B. Inflated self esteem
• C. Neurotic claims
• D. Neurotic need for perfection
• Idealized self-image - an attempt to solve conflicts by painting
a godlike picture of oneself.
• neurotic search for glory - comprehensive drive toward
actualizing the ideal self.
• need for perfection refers to the drive to mold the whole
personality into the idealized self. “tyranny of the should”
• neurotic ambition - that is, the compulsive drive toward
superiority.
• need for a vindictive triumph - may be disguised as a drive for
achievement or success, but “its chief aim is to put others to shame
or defeat them through one’s very success; or to attain the power . .
. to inflict suffering on them—mostly of a humiliating kind”

• neurotic claims - Unrealistic demands and expectations of

neurotics to be entitled to special privilege.

• neurotic pride - A false pride based on one’s idealized image of

self.

Intrapsychic Conflicts by Horney

• Self-hatred - an interrelated yet equally irrational and
powerful tendency to despise one’s real self.
• relentless demands on the self
• merciless self-accusation
• self-contempt
• self-frustration
• self-torment
• self-destructive actions and impulses

Intrapsychic Conflicts by Horney

• 17. Rogers and Horney
• Similarly believed that people are innately
healthy.
• Similarly believed that people are innately
neurotic.
• believed that people are born with a potential for
psychological health, but that this potential must
be developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.
• Agree that people are born with the potential for
psychological health, but that this potential must
be developed in an atmosphere of competition.
• 18. Pol, during conversations, always brags the achievements
of his children. He always emphasize that his children are
better than those who ever he talks with. Clearly, others feel
offended because of his arrogance. As a believer of Horney,
you would assess that the person has neurotic needs for
______________.
• A. self-sufficiency and independence
• B. power
• C. powerful partner
• D. exploit others
• E. social recognition or prestige
• 19. Fromm called the urge to rise above passive of an
individual and accidental existence
• A. relatedness.
• B. transcendence.
• C. rootedness.
• D. a sense of identity.
• E. a frame of orientation.
• Relatedness - the drive for union with another person or other
persons
• Three basic ways
• Submission (search for a domineering partner)
• Power (search for a submissive partner)
• Love (the only route to become united with the world and help the
person achieve individuality & integrity)
• The four basic elements of genuine love are care, responsibility,
respect and knowledge
• Transcendence - defined as the urge to rise above a passive
and accidental existence and into “the realm of purposefulness
and freedom”
• creating life or by destroying it.
• malignant aggression - to kill for reasons other than survival.

Human/Existential Needs
• Rootedness - the need to establish roots or to feel at
home again in the world.
• Productive: Rootedness other than the mother
• Non Productive: Fixation - The nonproductive form
marked by a reluctance to grow beyond the security
provided by one’s mother.

Human/Existential Needs
• Sense of Identity - the capacity to be aware of ourselves
as a separate entity. The distinctively human need to
develop a feeling of “I.”
• Frame of Orientation - The need for humans to develop
a unifying philosophy or consistent way of looking at
things.
Human/Existential Needs
• People Attempt to Escape from Freedom in a Variety of
Ways
• There are three primary mechanisms of escape:
• Authoritarianism (the tendency to give up the independence of one’s own
individual self and to fuse one’s self with somebody or something
outside oneself, in order to acquire the strength which the individual is
lacking.
• o This can happen with a powerful partner and is called masochism
• o Or, it can happen by dominated in the unity with another person called
sadism by controlling and exploiting others

• Destructiveness (rooted in the feelings of aloneness, isolation, and

powerlessness, and it seeks to do away with other people)
• o Destroying others to acquire a feeling of lost power

Mechanisms of Escape
• Conformity (people who conform to try to escape from a sense
of aloneness and isolation by giving up their individuality and
becoming whatever other people desire them to be)
• o The more they conform the more powerless they feel; the more
powerless they feel the more they must conform

• Positive Freedom
• Spontaneous and full expression of both rational and
emotional potentialities
• Achieved when a person becomes reunified with others and
with the world
• 20. Nell is careful with her money and rarely shares her
thoughts or emotions with others. Her behavior illustrates
______ orientation based on the theory of Fromm.
• A. marketing
• B. hoarding
• C. receptive
• D. exploitative
• 21. From her salary as an elementary school teacher,
Jennifer has accumulated a very large bank account. In
addition, she has seldom thrown away any teaching aids.
It thus appears that Jennifer has ______ orientation based
on the theory of Fromm.
• A. receiving
• B. hoarding
• C. marketing
• D. exploiting
• 22. Tracy perceives everything that belongs to her as
valuable and everything that belongs to others as having
little value. Fromm would say Tracy is suffering from
• A. necrophilia.
• B. malignant narcissism.
• C. incestuous symbiosis.
• D. moral hypochondriasis.
• E. existential dilemma.
• Character Orientation - a person’s relatively permanent way of
relating to people and things
• Productive Orientation
• Biophilia - a passionate love of life and all that is alive.

• Non Productive Orientations

• Receptive characters - People who relate to the world through
receiving love, knowledge, and material possessions.
• Exploitative characters - People who take from others, by either
force or cunning.
• Hoarding character - People who seek to save and not let go of
material possessions, feelings, or ideas.
• Marketing character - People who see themselves as commodities,
with their personal value dependent on their ability to sell themselves.

Character Orientations
• 23. Omar is preoccupied with guilt about previous
transgressions. Fromm would say that Omar suffering
from
• A. hypochondriasis.
• B. moral hypochondriasis.
• C. incestuous symbiosis.
• D. necrophilia.
• E. malignant aggression.
• Disturbed Individuals Are Incapable of Love and Fail
to Establish Union with Others

• Necrophilia
• Necrophilic personalities hate humanity; they are racist,
warmongers, and bullies; they love bloodshed, destruction, terror,
and torture; and they delight in destroying life. They are strong
advocates of law & order; love to talk about sickness, death, and
burials; and they are fascinated by dirt, decay, corpses, and feces.
They prefer night to day and love to operate in darkness and
shadow.
• All people behave aggressively and destructively at times, but, the
entire lifestyle of the necrophilous person revolves around death,
destruction, disease, and decay

Personality Disorders
• Malignant Narcissism
• Belief that everything one owns is of great value while
anything belonging to others is worthless
• Preoccupation with the body can lead to hypochondriasis
• Or can lead to moral hypochondriasis when the preoccupation
is with guilt
• Their sense of self worth depends on their narcissistic self-
image and not on achievements. When their efforts are
criticized by other, they react with anger and rage, frequently
striking out against their critics, trying to destroy them. If the
criticism is overwhelming, they may be unable to destroy it,
and turn the rage inward resulting in depression and feelings of
worthlessness.
 • Incestuous Symbiosis
• Extreme dependence on one’s mother to the extent that one’s
personality is blended with that of the host person. Exaggerated
form of mother fixation
• Can be an exaggerated form of mother fixation
• They are inseparable from the host person; are blended together
• These individuals feel frightened and anxious when the
relationship is threatened

• The attraction to death, taking pleasure by destroying others,

and neurotic symbiosis with mother figures form what is called
the syndrome of decay while biophilia, love, and positive
freedom comprise the syndrome of growth.
• 24. Elvie blindly follows orders from his boss. Luna is
described by others as control freak. Ben gives what he
has and takes whatever others has to offer to him. These
three individuals show which human need as enumerated
by Fromm?
• A. relatedness
• B. transcendence
• C. existential dichotomies
• D. frame of orientation
• 25. According to the theory of Fromm, hoarding character
is similar to _______ character in the theory of Freud.
• A. hysterical.
• B. oral.
• C. anal.
• D. phallic.
• 26. According to Fromm, neurotic need of Hitler to
annihilate his enemies shows his
• A. incestuous symbiosis.
• B. receptive orientation.
• C. malignant narcissism.
• D. necrophilic orientation.
• 27. Maslow claimed that safety needs are most likely to
be strong motivators for
• A. hungry people.
• B. children.
• C. self actualizing people.
• D. people who are having trouble making friends.
• E. coal miners.
• 28. The most basic needs in Maslow hierarchy are
• A. self-actualization needs.
• B. cognitive needs.
• C. physiological needs.
• D. love and belongingness needs.
• 29. Fromm believed that Marco has _______ when he
belongs to the natural world but maintains specific role
being with it.
• a. conformity
• b. positive freedom
• c. authenticity
• d. receptive awareness
• e. political revolution
• 30. Maslow claimed that when people who have satisfied
their esteem needs are criticized or deprecated by others
a) they revert to the level of love and belongingness needs.
b) their safety needs become prepotent.
c) their neurotic needs are activated.
d) they cannot satisfy needs for self-actualization.
e) they retain their sense of self-worth.
• More Efficient Perception of
Reality
• Acceptance of Self, Others,
and Nature
• Spontaneity, Simplicity, and
Naturalness
• Problem-Centering
• The Need for Privacy
• Autonomy
• Continued Freshness of
Appreciation
• The Peak Experience
Characteristics of Self
Actualizing People
• Gemeinschaftsgefühl
• Profound Interpersonal
Relations
• The Democratic Character
Structure
• Discrimination Between
Means and Ends
• Philosophical Sense of
Humor
• Creativeness
• Resistance to Enculturation
• 31. Mandy is married to an abusive husband, but she
refuses to admit that she has a serious problem. Sullivan
would refer to this process as
• A. dissociation.
• B. syntaxic distortion.
• C. selective inattention.
• D. masochism.
• Dynamisms
• Sullivan used the term dynamism to refer to a typical pattern
of behavior. Dynamisms may relate either to specific zones of
the body or to tensions.

• A. Malevolence
The disjunctive dynamism of evil and hatred is called
malevolence, defined by Sullivan as a feeling of living among
one's enemies. Those children who become malevolent have
much difficulty giving and receiving tenderness or being
intimate with other people.

• B. Intimacy
The conjunctive dynamism marked by a close personal
relationship between two people of equal status is called
intimacy. Intimacy facilitates interpersonal development while
decreasing both anxiety and loneliness.
• C. Lust
In contrast to both malevolence and intimacy, lust is an isolating
dynamism. That is, lust is a self-centered need that can be satisfied in
the absence of an intimate interpersonal relationship. In other words,
although intimacy presupposes tenderness or love, lust is based solely
on sexual gratification and requires no other person for
its satisfaction.
•
D. Self-System
The most inclusive of all dynamisms is the self-system, or that
pattern of behaviors that protects us against anxiety and maintains
our interpersonal security. The self-system is a conjunctive
dynamism, but because its primary job is to protect the self from
anxiety, it tends to stifle personality change. Experiences that are
inconsistent with our self-system threaten our security and necessitate
our use of security operations, which consist of behaviors designed to
reduce interpersonal tensions.
• Dissociation - all those experiences that we block from awareness.
• Selective inattention - blocking only certain experiences from
awareness.
• 32. Rogers called the tendency for matter, organic and
inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms
• A. the formative tendency.
• B. the actualizing tendency.
• C. self-actualization.
• D. the transcendent function.
• Formative Tendency - Tendency in all matter to evolve
from simpler to more complex forms.
• Actualizing Tendency - Tendency within all people to
move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
• 33. According to Rogers, when therapists let the client
experience a warm, positive and acceptance attitude
toward the client they
• A. have unconditional positive regard for that client.
• B. experience conditions of worth toward that client.
• C. demonstrate feelings of empathy for that client.
• D. possess positive self-regard for that client.
• 34. From an existential perspective, people acquire freedom of
action
• A. through expanding their self-awareness.
• B. by assuming responsibility for their actions.
• C. by minimizing the anxiety associated with their actions.
• D. through expanding their self-awareness, by assuming
responsibility for their actions, and by minimizing the anxiety
associated with their actions.
• E. through expanding their self-awareness and by assuming
responsibility for their actions.
• 35. According to Fromm, the exploitative character, like
the receptive character,
• a. is a productive orientation.
• b. achieves positive freedom.
• c. seeks to preserve what has already been obtained.
• d. is an outgrowth of modern capitalism.
• e. sees the source of good as lying outside himself or
herself.
• 36. A delight in the presence of the other person and an
affirmation of his value and development as much as ones
own is Mays definition of
• A. love.
• B. care.
• C. empathy.
• D. intentionality.
• 37. When you describe that your best friend is a playful,
sociable, gregarious, optimist, and reflective, if you are
follower of Allport, then you would call these traits as
__________.
• A. Source traits
• B. Central traits
• C. Secondary traits
• D. Cardinal dispositions
• Personal dispositions - a generalized neuropsychic structure
(peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many
stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide
consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and stylistic
behavior.
• Cardinal Dispositions - Personal disposition so dominating that it
cannot be hidden.
• Central Dispositions - The 5 to 10 personal traits around which a
person’s life focuses.
• Secondary Dispositions - The least characteristic and reliable
personal dispositions that appear with some regularity in a
person’s life.

Personal Dispositions by
Allport
• 38. Which of the following is not a criterion of mature
personality according to Allport?
• A. Humor
• B. Social interest
• C. Warm relationship with others
• D. Presence of extensive goals
• 39. A believer of Allport would focus on ___________ in
explaining behavior.
• A. factor analysis.
• B. the uniqueness of the individual.
• C. the heritability of personality traits.
• D. early childhood experiences.
• E. unconscious motivation.
• 40. Allport`s notion that people are capable of
consciously acting upon their environment in new and
innovative ways that permit psychological growth is
illustrated by
• A. proactive behavior.
• B. reactive behavior.
• C. causality.
• D. determinism.
• E. neurosis.
• 41. Eysenck believed that the primary difference between
extraverts and introverts is one of
• A. mother infant relationships.
• B. objectivity or subjectivity.
• C. neuroticism or stability.
• D. cortical arousal level.
• E. gender.
• 42. The 16 personality factors measures 16 _______
traits.
• A. Source
• B. Surface
• C. Dynamic
• D. Dispositional
• 43. Most of Costa and McCrae`s early research was
focused on 3 main trait factors that included neuroticism,
extraversion, and _________.
• A. psychoticism
• B. introversion.
• C. openness to experience.
• D. social interest.
• 44. Martin is hard working, self disciplined, ambitious
and organized. If you are believer of the five factor
model, Martin is
• A. high in conscientiousness
• B. fixated at the anal stage
• C. high in needs for achievement
• D. strives for superiority
• 45. According to Bandura, ______ is a person`s
expectations that he or she can or cannot execute the
behavior necessary to effect a successful change in a
particular situation.
• A. self efficacy
• B. self regulation
• C. locus of control
• D. disengagement of internal control
• 46. Erick is confident that he has the skills and abilities to
be an excellent professional baseball player. However, he
is uncertain whether he will be offered a job as a player.
Thus, according to Bandura, he has ______ efficacy
expectations and _______ outcome expectations.
• A. high, high
• B. low, high
• C. high, low
• D. low, low
• 47. In Bandura`s view, vicarious experiences are likely to
have their strongest effect on self efficacy when the
observer
• A. has a high level of physiological arousal.
• B. sees a person of equal ability succeed.
• C. has a high level of locus of control
• D. has extensive experience with the activity.
• E. has maximized the use of disengagement techniques.
• 48. Like most people, Madison relies on other people
such as the police, the fire department, and mechanics to
exercise indirect control over her life. Bandura calls this
situation
• A. proxy agency.
• B. external reliance.
• C. collective efficacy.
• D. personal efficacy.
• Characteristics of the models: similarity, age, sex, status,
prestige, simple vs. complex behavior
• Characteristics of observers: Low self-confidence, low
self-esteem, reinforcement for imitation
• Reward consequences of behavior: Directly witnessing
associated rewards

Factors Influencing Modeling:

Impact Tendency to Imitate
• Attentional processes
• Retention processes
• Production processes
• Incentive and motivational processes

The Observational
Learning Process: 4 Steps
• Developing cognitive processes to pay attention to a
model- more developed processes allow for better
attention
• Must observe the model accurately enough to imitate
behavior

Step 1: Attentional
Processes
• To later imitate behavior, must remember aspects of the
behavior
• Retain information in 2 ways:
• Imaginal internal representation: Visual image Ex: Forming
a mental picture
• Verbal system: Verbal description of behavior Ex: Silently
rehearsing steps in behavior

Step 2: Retention
Processes
• Taking imaginal and verbal representations and
translating into overt behavior- practice behaviors
• Receive feedback on accuracy of behavior- how well
have you imitated the modeled behavior?
• Important in mastering difficult skills
• Ex: Driving a car

Step 3: Production Processes

• With incentives, observation more quickly becomes
action, pay more attention, retain more information
• Incentive to learn influenced by anticipated
reinforcements

Step 4: Incentive and

Motivational Processes
• 49. Harrison, a professional photographer, is dissatisfied
with his latest work, judging several pictures as
substandard according to his own criteria. Bandura would
say that Harrison will probably
• A. learn to live with substandard performance.
• B. reward himself for substandard performance.
• C. withhold reward for substandard performance.
• D. become psychologically disturbed.
• 50. Megan compares her test grade with that of other
class members to determine her test performance. She is
using which of Bandura`s judgmental processes?
• A. personal standards
• B. standards of reference
• C. performance attribution
• D. positive reinforcement
• 51. A hired killer refers to murdering another person as a
contract or a hit. This is an example of Bandura`s
disengagement technique of
• A. palliative comparison.
• B. moral justification.
• C. euphemistic labels.
• D. diffusing responsibility.
• Moral disengagement - the process of convincing the self that
ethical standards do not apply to oneself in a particular context.

• Moral Justification - portraying inhumane behavior as though

it has a moral purpose in order to make it socially acceptable.
• Euphemistic Labelling - Using euphemistic language to
describe reprehensible conduct is another way that individuals
can morally disengage from their moral standards.

Moral disengagement
• Advantageous Comparison - That is, individuals
contrast their conduct with other examples of more
immoral behavior and in doing this comparison their own
behavior is trivialized.
• Displacement of responsibility - Distorting the
relationship between actions and the effects they cause.
People behave in ways they would normally oppose if a
legitimate authority accepts responsibility for the
consequences of that behavior.

Moral disengagement
• Diffusion of Responsibility - a person has lower
inclination towards responsibility as they feel that others
are also equally responsible in the group
• Disregarding or misrepresenting injurious
consequences - When someone decides to pursue an
activity harmful to others for personal advantage, or as a
result of impact by social stimulus, they generally either
minimize the harm they have caused or attempt to avoid
facing it

Moral disengagement
• Dehumanization - the process through which a person
or group of people are denied ‘humanness’ or human
attributes. The victim is no longer viewed as a person
with feelings, hopes and concerns, but objectified as a
lesser sub-human.

Moral disengagement
• 52. Bandura claims that learning through modeling is
• A. an inefficient means of acquiring behaviors.
• B. impossible before the acquisition of language.
• C. facilitated by self monitoring during performance.
• D. most efficient under conditions of low motivation.
• 53. A follower of Mischel would say that
• A. an individual`s behaviors can be quite inconsistent
from one situation to another.
• B. an individual`s personality traits are not likely to
endure over a period of time.
• C. human behavior is completely shaped by the laws of
reinforcement.
• D. human personality is shaped mostly by chance
encounters and fortuitous events.
• Consistency Paradox
• Although both laypeople and professionals tend to believe
that behavior is quite consistent, research suggests that it is
not
• Person-Situation Interaction
• Mischel believes that behavior is best predicted from an
understanding of the person, the situation, and the
interaction between person and situation

Background of the
Cognitive-Affective
Personality System
• Behavior Prediction
• Individuals should behave differently as situations vary
• Situation Variables
• All those stimuli that people attend to in a given
situation

Cognitive-Affective Personality
System
• Cognitive-Affective Units - relatively stable person variables that
interact with the situation to determine behavior.

• Encoding strategies - people’s ways of categorizing information received

from external stimuli and transform these stimuli into personal
constructs, including their self-concept, their view of other people, and
their way of looking at the world.

• Competencies and self-regulatory strategies

• competencies - People’s cognitive and behavioral construction of
what they can and cannot do, based on their observations of the
world, themselves, and others
• self-regulatory strategies - Techniques used to control one’s own
behavior through self-imposed goals and self-produced
consequences.
 • Expectancies and beliefs
• behavior-outcome expectancy - people learn to enact those
behaviors that they expect will result in the most subjectively
valued outcome
• stimulus-outcome expectancies - the many stimulus conditions that
influence the probable consequences of any behavior pattern.

• Goals and values - People do not react passively to situations

but are active and goal directed. They formulate goals, devise
plans for attaining their goals, and in part create their own
situations.

• Affective responses - Affective responses include emotions,

feelings, and physiological reactions. Mischel sees affective
responses as inseparable from cognitions and regards the
interlocking cognitive-affective units as more basic than the
other cognitive-affectiveunits.
• 54. A believer of Mischel`s theory would say that
behavior is caused by
• A. global personal dispositions.
• B. genetic factors.
• C. personality traits.
• D. people`s perception of themselves in a particular
situation.
• 55. Kelly held that, generally speaking, people
• A. attempt to improve their constructs.
• B. are completely unaware of their personal constructs.
• C. rarely, if ever, attempt to change their constructs.
• D. are completely conscious of their personal constructs
• 56. Grant tends to see all his experiences with women as
power struggles. Which of Kelly`s corollaries is best
illustrated by Grant`s refusal to change his attitude toward
women?
• A. dichotomy corollary
• B. choice corollary
• C. range corollary
• D. modulation corollary
• E. fragmentation corollary
• Constructs - internal models of reality created by
individuals in order to understand and explain the world
around them in the same way that scientists develop
theories.

Kelly’s Constructs
• The construction corollary: We conservatively construct
anticipation based on past experiences.
• The experience corollary: When things do not happen as
expected, we change our constructs (thus reconstructing).
This changes our future expectations.
• The dichotomy corollary: We store experience as
constructs, and then look at the world through them.
• The organizational corollary: Constructs are connected to
one another in hierarchies and network of relationships.
These relationships may be loose or tight.
• The range corollary: Constructs are useful only in limited
range of situations. Some ranges are broad, whilst other ranges
are narrow.
• The modulation corollary: Some construct ranges can be
'modulated' to accommodate new ideas (e.g. 'big'). Others are
'impermeable'.
• The choice corollary: We can choose to gain new experiences
to expand our constructs or stay in the safe but limiting zone of
current constructs.
• The individuality corollary: As everyone's experience is
different, their constructs are different.
• The commonality corollary: Many of our experiences are
similar and/or shared, leading to similarity of constructs
with others. Discussing constructs also helps to build
shared constructs.
• The fragmentation corollary: Many of our constructs
conflict with one another. These may be dictated by
different contexts and roles.
• The sociality corollary: We interact with others through
understanding of their constructs.
• 57. An individual is seen as generally positive individual.
He is described by many as sociable and self confident. If
you are David Buss you would label the individual as
high in __________.
• A. Surgency
• B. Insurgency
• C. Openness
• D. Agreeableness
• 58. Denial as a defense by Freud and Rogers is
• A. different in such a way that denial of Freud block anxiety
provoking experiences while denial of Rogers block those that
results to realization of the self.
• B. the same in such a way that they are both used by neurotic
individuals
• C. different in such a way that psychoanalysis view denial is a
form of blocking an information while person centered view
denial as a from of forgetting.
• D. the same in such a way that both leads to repression of the
unwanted material.
• 59. Based on the theory of Murray, A type of need that
arise automatically is called ________.
• A. Reactive
• B. Proactive
• C. Primary
• D. Secondary
• 60. Lily easily adapts to the trend of her generation. She
buys anything that others have. She follows anywhere her
friends have decided to go. According to Murray, she has
what kind of need?
• A. Deference
• B. Succorance
• C. Play
• D. Affection
• 61. Janet feels that she is too much,
extensively, and head-over-heels in love with
Marco. According to Bandura, this intense
feelings accompanied by physiological
arousal
• a. raises her efficacy expectations.
• b. lowers her efficacy expectations.
• c. initially lowers her efficacy expectations
but later it rapidly increases efficacy.
• d. has no effect on her self-efficacy.
• 62. The word personality comes from the
Latin word “persona,” meaning
A. that which one truly is.
B. the evil side of people.
C. theatrical mask.
D. soul.
• 63. According to Adler, _____ is the most reliable means
of revealing style of life.
A. the word association test
B. early recollections
C. free association
D. hypnosis
• 64. According to Jung, the unconscious can be divided
into the
A. personal and collective.
B. animalistic and humanistic.
C. amoral and moralistic.
D. asocial and social.
E. preconscious and unconscious proper.
• 65. Karlo is suffering from social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Bandura sees dysfunctional behaviors as such as
• a. expressions of the frustrated drive toward
dominance or power.
• b. character weaknesses.
• c. strivings for self-fulfillment.
• d. initiated and maintained on the basis of social
learning principles.
• 66. Jung called contents of the personal unconscious
A. fantasies.
B. archetypes.
C. instincts.
D. complexes.
E. None of the above is correct.
• 67. Jung said that the animus
A. is an instinct.
B. represents the masculine side of women.
C. represents the evil side of men.
D. both a and b are correct.
68. Which function involves perception beyond
consciousness, according to Jung?
A. thinking
B. feeling
C. sensation
D. intuition
• 69. In McCrea and Costa’s theory, characteristic
adaptations differ from culture to culture because
• a. they fluctuate over time and context, unlike basic
tendencies which are stable and enduring.
• b. external influences such as acquired skills, habits,
attitudes and relationships that result from interaction
with the environment are much more likely cause
adaptation.
• c. All the above are correct.
• d. Neither a nor b is correct.
• 70. According to Jung, the realization of the anima
A. must come before the realization of the shadow.
B. would involve a man recognizing his feminine
disposition rather than projecting it onto the women in
his life.
C. would result in a man conquering his homosexual
ideation.
D. is accomplished by nearly all men during old age.
E. must follow the realization of the self.
• 71. A mother who has deep-seated hostility toward her
only child but who shows overprotection and hyper-
concern for the physical well being of her child illustrates
which Freudian defense mechanism?
A. identification
B. displacement
C. projection
D. reaction formation
E. sublimation
• 72. Which of the following statements best reflects our
understanding of the stability of personality traits according to
the Five-Factor model?
• a. Age related declines in agreeableness and
conscientiousness become evident.
• b. Basic personality traits fluctuate considerably after age
forty.
• c. Basic personality traits change very little after the age of
thirty.
• d. Adults, when compared with college students, scored
higher on neuroticism, extraversion and openness to
experience.
• 73. Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is a
person’s
A. fictional goals.
B. creative power.
C. safeguarding tendencies.
D. underdeveloped social interest.
E. psychic conflict.
• 74. A young man gets sexual gratification by kissing and
caressing women’s shoes. What statement best describes
this situation, according to Freud?
A. The sexual object has been displaced.
B. The sexual aim has been changed.
C. The path of the sexual instinct is inflexible.
D. The sexual instinct is permanently inhibited.
• 75. Which of these people is most likely to represent
Jung’s hero archetype?
A. a frightened person who overcomes fear to save another
person from harm
B. an immortal person who fights to keep another person
from harm
C. a man who overcomes his anima and thus becomes
more desirable to women
D. a woman who overcomes her animus and thus becomes
more desirable to men
• 76. All defenses has a component of this defense
mechanism.
A. Repression
B. Sublimation
C. Reaction Formation
D. Rationalization
• 77. Freud regarded precepts such as “Love thy neighbor
as thyself” as
A. reaction formations.
B. worthless relics from an ancient religion.
C. expressions of the erotic drive.
D. expressions of neurotic anxiety.
• 78. Jung’s theory sees humans as
A. A composite of opposing forces.
B. evolved animals but with no animal instincts.
C. destined to destroy themselves or others with modern
warfare.
D. biological creatures trapped in a social environment.
E. helpless to shape our own behavior and personality.
• 79. Erik believes that he is a complete failure. He failed
in his quizzes, lost in a competition, and is usually
scolded by his parents. As a result, Erik would forget
anything that would make them realize that he is failure
and live in any way with restrictions.Klein would
interpret Erik as having __________.
• A. Extreme splitting
• B. Splitting
• C. Projection
• D. Introjection
• 80. Louie is a person that can easily criticize himself. His
nanny can recall that when he was still an infant and breastfed,
there were times that he was scolded by her mother for no
apparent reason. Clearly, Louie incorporates to his identity his
experiences with his mother. Klein would explain this situation
as ________________.
• A. Loiue has introjected bad breast that now criticizes himself.
• B. This is an example of splitting of bad me and good me.
• C. Projective identification served as the cause of over self
criticism.
• D. Loiue was fixated at an earlier level of development.
• 81. Parker is constantly belittling his own
accomplishments. He also dreads asking others for
favors. These behaviors illustrate Horney’s neurotic need
• A. for affection and approval.
• B. for a partner.
• C. to restrict one’s life within narrow borders.
• D. for self-sufficiency and independence.
• 82. Mary is an excellent student. She tops all her quizzes. She also
won gold medals during athletic competitions. She also leads
students to in participation to humanistic efforts in helping the
marginalized people. When her mother was asked regarding Mary,
she told the interviewer that it is expected of her since her sisters are
also achievers. As a follower of Rogers, how would you analyze the
performance of Mary?
• A. She is self actualized and reached her potentials.
• B. She has covered her anxieties well by doing excellent
performances.
• C. Her mother has created conditions of worth which may conceal
the true identity of Mary
• D. Her mother created basic hostility by imposing demands to Mary.
• 83. Rogers claimed that incongruence exists when a
person
• a. lacks empathy.
• b. experiences a discrepancy between self-concept and
ideal self.
• c. lacks the ability to actualize the formative tendency.
• d. receives a minimal level of external evaluation.
Conditions of Worth - they perceive that their parents, peers, or
partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s
expectations and approval.

• Incongruence - The perception of discrepancies between

organismic self, self-concept, and ideal self.
• Organismic Self - A more general term than self-concept; refers to
the entire person, including those aspects of existence beyond
awareness.
• Self Concept - Aspects of one’s being and experiences that an
individual is consciously aware of.
• Ideal Self - One’s view of self as one would like to be

Barriers to Psychological
Health by Rogers
• Defensiveness - the protection of the self-concept against
anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of
experiences inconsistent with it.
• Distortion - we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it
into some aspect of our self-concept.
• Denial - we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness,
or at least we keep some aspect of it from reaching
symbolization.
• 84. Sensation and intuition were regarded by Jung as
• A. rational functions.
• B. irrational functions.
• C. extraverted attitudes.
• D. introverted attitudes.
• 85. Personality theorists who adopt a teleological
approach generally believe that people`s behavior is a
function of
• A. early childhood experiences.
• B. genetic makeup.
• C. environment.
• D. people`s expectations of future events.
• 86. Negative and positive reinforcement are alike in that
they
• A. strengthen the behavior they follow.
• B. involve the presentation of a beneficial stimulus.
• C. involve the removal of an aversive stimulus.
• D. extinguish the behavior they follow.
• E. are not affected by schedules of reinforcement.
• 87. Heather has a painful headache. She takes some
aspirin and the pain stops. In the future when she has a
headache, she will also take aspirin. Skinner would say
that the taking of aspirin to reduce headache pain is
• A. positively reinforced.
• B. negatively reinforced.
• C. extinguished.
• D. successively approximated.
• E. spontaneously recovered.
• Operant Conditioning
• Shaping
• Procedure in which the experimenter, or the environment, first rewards
gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, and
finally the desired behavior itself
• Through the reinforcement of successive approximations (Procedure
used to shape an organism’s actions by rewarding behaviors as they
become closer and closer to the target behavior), the experimenter
shapes the final set of complex behaviors
• Reinforcement
• Has two effects:
• Strengthens the behavior
• Rewards the person
• Two Types of Reinforcement
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Operant Conditioning
• Punishment
• The presentation of an aversive stimulus
• Effects of punishment
• Punishment and reinforcement compared
• Conditioned and Generalized Reinforcers
• Primary reinforcers: stimuli that are by their nature satisfying
• Conditioned reinforcers: environmental stimuli that are not by
nature satisfying but become so because they are associated
with such unlearned or primary reinforcers
• Generalized reinforcers: associated with more than one primary
reinforcer
• Operant Conditioning
• Schedules of reinforcement
• Fixed-ratio
• Variable-ratio
• Fixed-interval
• Variable-interval
• Extinction
• Tendency of a previously acquired response to become
progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement
• Operant extinction is when an experimenter systematically
withholds reinforcement

Conditioning (cont’d)
• 88. For humans, playing slot machines best illustrates the
influence of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
• A. continuous
• B. fixed-ratio
• C. variable-ratio
• D. fixed-interval
• 89. When she was in the 7th grade, Dawn made 10
written book reports. Now, she can no longer recall the
title of eight of those books. Skinner would say this loss
is most likely due to
• A. repression.
• B. forgetting.
• C. respondent extinction.
• D. operant extinction.
• 90. “The incapacity to take chances with one’s identity by
sharing true intimacy” defines Erikson’s concept of
• A. isolation.
• B. stagnation.
• C. mistrust.
• D. psychological moratorium.
• 91. Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please
their visitors, even to the extent of going into debt. This
common filipino behavior is best explained in what
concept of Filipino psychology?
• A. Kapwa
• B. Hiya
• C. Utangnaloob
• D. Bahalana
• 92. Which component of kapwa does not belong to the
group?
• A. Pakikitungo
• B. Pakikisama
• C. Pakikisalamuha
• D. Pakikiisa
• Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of
Filipino Psychology.
• Ibang Tao ("outsider") There are five domains in this
construct:
• Pakikitungo: civility - In Confucian ethics, right behavior meant
right demeanor towards authorities (Parents, Elders, etc.).
• Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing - This is a social value that is
primarily communitarian and Confucian. It espouses the ability to
adapt.
• Pakikilahok: act of joining - This translates to participation of the
entire community to help a person.
• Pakikibagay: conformity - This runs into conflict with
individuality which many Filipinos in fact willingly throw away
in favor of conformity with demands of those who are in charge.
• Pakikisama: being united with the group.

Filipino Psychology
• Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most Western
psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'.
• Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are
expected by their neighbors to return favors—whether
these were asked for or not—when it is needed or wanted.
• Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us") There are three domains in
this construct:
• Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
• Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
• Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
• 93. Maria, a victim of rape, is an author of a novels regarding the life
as victim of rape. Her book mainly focuses on building strength and
equality between genders. At the moment, she is now at her third
book regarding the same topic of coping with rape. Salazar, a man of
Filipino Psychology, would suggest that
• A. Maria is motivated to satisfy her `utangnaloob` to humanity by
writing inspirational books.
• B. Maria has no `puri` but is overflowing with `dangal` that
motivates her in writing novels.
• C. Maria considers other women as her `kapwa`, thus, inspires her
through her books.
• D. Maria, as a victim of rape, has turned everything to God and
embodies the concept of `bahalana.`
• Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually
refers to what other people see in a person and how they
use that information to make a stand or judge about
his/her worth.
• Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other
people judge a person of his/her worth. This compels a
common Filipino to conform to social norms, regardless
how obsolete they are.
• Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a
person judges his own worth.
• 94. Which of the following situations accurately reflects the
concept of Lagmay`sbahalana?
• A. Berto who waits for the plans of God to him to happen.
• B. Julian who had already done his best in solving his
problems and left everything to God, which boosts his
confidence for positive results.
• C. Manuel who was scolded by his boss and turned everything
to God.
• D. Carding who prays every morning before he plows his rice
field.
• Bahala Na: Bahala Na translates literally as "leave it up
to God (Bathala)" and it is used as an expression, almost
universally, in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in the
bahala na attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive coping
strategy when faced with challenging situations.
• Lakas ng Loob: This attitude is characterized by being
courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties.
• Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent
clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake
revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.
• 95. Enriquez argued that the best definition of
`utangnaloob` is reflected in which situation below?
• A. Marcelo helps his parents in the farm after he finished
his education.
• B. Tekla is inspired to bring back all the kindness of her
boss during the time that she was in need.
• C. Paulito is burdened by how he can pay back all the
kindness of Olivia.
• D. Nardo is expecting the gratitude from Danny after he
helped Danny`s daughter to get a job.
• 96. Successful Filipinos who work overseas commonly
want to spend their retirement in the country. Despite
their investments and career abroad, they still desire to go
back their motherland. This is a manifestation of what
concept in Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
• A. Utangnaloob
• B. Kapwa
• C. Pakikisama
• D. Collectivism
• 97. Joel hesitates reacting to his friend`s feeling who is
currently ranting about his relationships. He maintains
attention to his friend`s behavior but do not show it
blatantly. He tells himself, ``what if I were in his place,
what would I feel?`` Joel is doing what Sikolohiyang
Pilipino concept?
• A. Pakikiramdam
• B. Pakikibagay
• C. Pakikitungo
• D. Pakikipalagayangloob
• 98. In analyzing the influence of other cultures to Filipino
personality, which statement is most accurate?
• A. Filipinos are influence by the West externally and by
the East internally.
• B. Filipinos have a distinct personality that cannot be
compared to the West and the East.
• C. Filipinos are influenced solely by Eastern culture.
• D. Filipinos have a mixture of the West and the East, that
their influence created a distinct Filipino personality.
• 99. Which the most possible interaction can Fernando
show in front of Gerardo, somebody whom he has just
met?
• A. Pakikitungo
• B. Pakikisalamuha
• C. Pakikiisa
• D. Pakikisangkot
• 100. Filipinos have all of the following response to
psychotherapy EXCEPT
• A. Filipinos are more responsive in group therapies than
individual therapies
• B. Filipino patients are easier to hypnotize than American
patients.
• C. Filipinos prefer therapists who are in command and
paternalistic than a Rogerian non directive therapy.
• D. Filipinos requires more time in therapy than
Americans.