Topic 2 - Equations, Inequalities and Absolute Values

FMAT0114 – BASIC MATHEMATICS
TOPIC 2 | EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES & ABSOLUTE VALUES
TOPIC 2:
EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES
& ABSOLUTE VALUES
PART 1 : EQUATIONS
Center for Foundation Studies 1

LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the topic, students should be able to:
• Describe the concept of equations, inequalities and absolute

values.
• Apply and perform the appropriate operation on the concepts of
equations, inequalities and absolute values.
• Adapt algebraic knowledge to solve fundamental issue and
application.

SOLVE EQUATION BY GRAPHING

Y = 2X + 1

Y = -X + 4

(1,3) IS THE SOLUTION


Graphing is not the only way to solve a system of

equations. It is not really the best way because it
has to be graphed perfectly and some answers are
not integers.
SOOOO
We need to learn another way!!!!

Like variables Solve:
must be lined
under each by ELIMINATION
other.
x + y = 12
-x + 3y = -8
We need to
4y = 4 Divide by 4
eliminate (get rid of)
a variable. y=1
The x’s will be the
easiest. So, we will
add the two
equations.
THEN----
Substitute X +Y = 12
your answer
into either
x + 1 = 12
original
equation and
-1 -1
solve for the
second x = 11
variable.
(11,1)
Answer
Now check our answers in
both equations------ Center for Foundation Studies 6
X + Y =12
11 + 1 = 12
12 = 12
-x + 3y = -8
-11 + 3(1) = -8
-11 + 3 = -8
-8 = -8
Solve:
Like variables
must be lined
under each
by ELIMINATION
other. 5x - 4y = -21
-2x + 4y = 18
3x = -3
We need to Divide by 3
eliminate (get rid
of) a variable.
The y’s be will x = -1
the easiest. So,
we will add the
two equations.
THEN----
Substitute your
answer into either 5X - 4Y = -21
original equation
and solve for the 5(-1) – 4y = -21
second variable. -5 – 4y = -21
5 5
-4y = -16
y = 4
Answer (-1, 4)
Now check our answers in both
equations------ Center for Foundation Studies 9
5x - 4y = -21
5(-1) – 4(4) = -21
-5 - 16 = -21
-21 = -21
-2x + 4y = 18
-2(-1) + 4(4) = 18
2 + 16 = 18
18 = 18
Like variables
Solve:
must be lined
under each by ELIMINATION
other.
2x + 7y = 31
We need to
5x - 7y = - 45
7x = -14
Divide by 7
eliminate (get rid
of) a variable.
The y’s will be
the easiest. So,
x = -2
we will add the
two equations.
THEN----
Substitute
your answer 2X + 7Y = 31
into either
original 2(-2) + 7y = 31
equation and
solve for the -4 + 7y = 31
second
variable.
4 4
7y = 35
y = 5
Answer (-2, 5)
2x + 7y = 31
2(-2) + 7(5) = 31
-4 + 35 = 31
31 = 31
5x – 7y = - 45
5(-2) - 7(5) = - 45
-10 - 35 = - 45
- 45 =- 45
Like variables must
be lined under
each other.
Solve:
by ELIMINATION
We need to eliminate (get rid x + y = 30
of) a variable.
To simply add this time will not
x + 7y = 6
eliminate a variable. If one of
the x’s was negative, it would
be eliminated when we add.
So we will multiply one
equation by a – 1.

X + Y = 30 X + Y = 30
( X + 7Y = 6 ) -1 -X – 7Y = - 6
Now add the two
equations and solve. -6Y = 24
- 6 - 6
Y = - 4
THEN---- Center for Foundation Studies 15
Substitute
your answer
X + Y = 30
into either
original
X + - 4 = 30
equation and 4 4
solve for the
second
variable.
X = 34
Answer (34, - 4)
x + y = 30
34 + - 4 = 30
30 = 30
x + 7y = 6
34 + 7(- 4) = 6
34 - 28 = 6
6 = 6
Like variables
must be lined
under each
other. Solve:
by ELIMINATION
We need to eliminate (get
rid of) a variable. x+ y=4
To simply add this time will
not eliminate a variable. If 2x + 3y = 9
there was a –2x in the 1st
equation, the x’s would be
eliminated when we add.
So we will multiply the 1st
equation by a – 2.

( X + Y = 4 ) -2 -2X - 2 Y = - 8

2X + 3Y = 9 2X + 3Y = 9
Now add the two
equations and solve. Y = 1
THEN----

Substitute
your answer X + Y = 4
into either
original
equation and
solve for the
X + 1 = 4
second
variable.
- 1 -1
X = 3
Answer (3,1)
both equations------
x + y = 4
3 + 1 = 4
4 = 4
2x + 3y = 9
2(3) + 3(1) = 9
6 + 3 = 9
9 = 9
PART 2 : SOLVING INEQUALITIES

INEQUALITY SIGNS
An inequality is like an equation, but instead of an equal
sign (=) it has one of these signs:
< : less than
≤ : less than or equal to
> : greater than
≥ : greater than or equal to

“x < 5”
means that whatever value x has,
it must be less than 5.
What could x be?

“x ≥ -2”
means that whatever value x has,
it must be greater than or equal to -2.
What could x be?

GRAPHING RULES
Symbol Circle Direction of
Arrow
< Open Lef
> Open Right
≤ Closed Lef
≥ Closed Right
EXAMPLES
•x<5
• x > -2
• x ≤ -8
•x≥4
YOU TRY:
• x < -6
•x>2
•x≤0
• x ≥ -7
PRACTICE
• x + 5 > 13 • 5+x<7
• 2x – 14 > 4 • x/4 + 3 < 7

DAY 2

USE THE KEY WORDS TO WRITE AN INEQUALITY

• A number added to 5 is greater than 12
• The quotient of 2 and a number is at most 6
• 7 multiplied by a number is less than 16
• 18 decreased by a number is no less than 12.8
• 17 is greater than or equal to 8 less than a number

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES
Addition Property for Inequalities
X-15<73

y+15<25

x
 10
5
Multiply both
x
sides by the
reciprocal of the 5   10  5
coefficient 5
x  50

Division Property for Inequalities
5 x  20
5 x 20

Divide both
sides by the
coefficient of x
5 5
x4
SOLVING INEQUALITIES!
• Solving inequalities is the same as solving
equations.
• There are only 2 things you need to know…
• 1.) If you multiply or divide by a negative number you
must switch the sign.
-7x < 21 Dividing by a negative
-7 -7 means switch the sign!!
x > -3
• 2.) You will graph your solutions.

SPECIAL CASE 1: SWITCHING THE SIGNS

• When solving inequalities, if you multiply or divide by a
negative you must switch the signs.
• Switching the signs:

• Less than becomes Greater than < switches to >
• Greater than becomes Less than > switches to <
• Less than or equal to becomes Greater than or equal to
≤ switches to ≥
• Greater than or equal to becomes Less than or equal to
≥ switches to ≤

DIVISION PROPERTY FOR INEQUALITIES

Caution! Dividing by a
negative number
 5 x  20 Same if multiplying?
Notice: Sign
CHANGED
 5 x 20
 x  4
5 5
MULTIPLICATION PROPERTY FOR INEQUALITIES

Caution! When you
YES multiply by a negative
number…
!
-x > 2
5 …the sign
CHANGES
(-5 )-x > 2(-5) x < -10

1 5 Center for Foundation Studies 39
Let’s try some on our own …… ready?

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #1
x67
3 x 5
 3 x  15
x  9  5
ANSWER FOR #1 - #4
1.x ≤ 1
2. 8 ≤ x or x ≥ 8
3. x ≤ 5
4. x > 4

1
x  3
2
x
3 
7
5 x  7
x
5
3
ANSWER FOR #5 - #8
5. x ≥ -6
6. 21 < x or x > 21
7. x ≥ 2
8. x > 15

DAY 3 SOLVING MULTI-STEP INEQUALITIES

SOLVING INEQUALITIES
• Follow same steps used to solve equations:
3x + 4 < 13
-4 -4
3x < 9
3 3
x<3

PRACTICE
• -2x + 5 > 15 • 17 – 3 x < 41
• 14 > x + 4 • x <7
-4 -5

TIME TO PRATICE!
• Solve:
6x – 8 > 22
PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
−4 − 5v < −29

PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
−1 + 4x ≤ 31

PRACTICE PROBLEM 3
−2 + r > −1
9

PRACTICE PROBLEM 4
−52 < 8 − 5k

PRACTICE PROBLEM 5
8 − 7n > −20

PRACTICE PROBLEM 6
−9 ≥ −8 + v
−6

PART 3
EQUATIONS INVOLVING
ABSOLUTE VALUE
Solve equations involving absolute value.

| 3 | = 3 Absolute Value
| 2.5 | = 2.5
| 0 | = 0
| – 7 | = 7
| – 4.8 | = 4.8
True or False? >0
The absolute value of a number is always positive.
False Non-negative
≥0
The absolute value of a number is non-negative.

The absolute value of a number is either positive or 0.
ABSOLUTE VALUE EQUATIONS
| x | = 5 | x | = –2
Same Opposite
x = 5 x = – 5 No Solution
Two Solutions
Absolute Value Property

If |x| = a, where x is a variable or an expression and
a  0, then x = a or x = a.

SOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUE EQUATIONS
1. Isolate the absolute value so that the equation

is in the form |ax + b| = c.
 If c < 0, the equation has no solution.
2. Separate the absolute value into two equations,
ax + b = c and ax + b =  c.
3. Solve both equations.


1. Isolate
2. Two Cases
3  2x  5  9 3. Solve
5 5
Keep the
absolute 3  2x  4
value bars!
Same Opposite
Drop the 3  2x  4 3  2 x  4
absolute
value bars! 3 3 3 3
 2x  1  2 x  7
2 2 2 2
1 7
x x  1 , 7 
2 2  
 2 2 Center for Foundation Studies 65

3k  1  4  6 1. Isolate
4 4 2. Two Cases
Keep the 3. Solve
absolute 3k  1  10
value bars!
Same Opposite
Drop the
absolute
3k  1  10 3k  1  10
value bars! 1 1 1 1
3k  11 3k  9
3 3 3 3
11
k k  3  3, 11 
3  
 3

1. Isolate
2. Two Cases
x  7  12  7 3. Solve
 12  12
x  7  5
No Solution


2y  5  0 1. Isolate
2. Two Cases
3. Solve
Same Opposite
2y  5  0
5 5
2y  5
2 2
5
y  5 
2  
 2
ABSOLUTE VALUE EQUATIONS WITH 2 ABSOLUTE

Same
VALUES Opposite
| 5 | = | 5 | | 5 | = | –5 |
| –8 | = | –8 | | –8 | = | 8 |
Two cases!
Opposite
x4   x  4  x  4
x7   x  7   x  7
 2x  3    2 x  3  2 x  3

VALUES
2w  4  3w  2
Same Opposite
2w  4  3w  2 2w  4   3w  2
 3w  3w 2w  4  3w  2
 w  4  2  3w  3w
4 4 5w  4  2
 w  6 4 4
5w  2
w6  2 ,6
5 5  
2  5 
w
5 Center for Foundation Studies 70

VALUES
k  2  3k  3
Same Opposite
k  2  3k  3 k  2   3k  3
k k k  2  3k  3
2  2k  3  3k  3k
3 3
4k  2  3
 1  2k 2 2
2 2 4k  5
4 4  5 , 1 
1  
k 5  4 2
2 k
4 Center for Foundation Studies 71

VALUES
2x  9  3  2x
Same Opposite
2x  9  3  2x 2 x  9   3  2 x 
 2x  2x
2 x  9  3  2 x
4x  9  3  2x  2x
9 9
 9  3
4 x  12 No Solution
4 4
x3  3

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FMAT0114 – BASIC MATHEMATICS

TOPIC 2 | EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES & ABSOLUTE VALUES

Center for Foundation Studies 1

• Describe the concept of equations, inequalities and absolute

Center for Foundation Studies 2

SOLVE EQUATION BY GRAPHING

Center for Foundation Studies 3

Graphing is not the only way to solve a system of

Center for Foundation Studies 4

Center for Foundation Studies 14

Center for Foundation Studies 18

( X + Y = 4 ) -2 -2X - 2 Y = - 8

Center for Foundation Studies 19

PART 2 : SOLVING INEQUALITIES

Center for Foundation Studies 22

Center for Foundation Studies 23

What could x be?

Center for Foundation Studies 24

What could x be?

Center for Foundation Studies 25

• 2x – 14 > 4 • x/4 + 3 < 7

Center for Foundation Studies 29

Center for Foundation Studies 30

USE THE KEY WORDS TO WRITE AN INEQUALITY

• The quotient of 2 and a number is at most 6

• 7 multiplied by a number is less than 16

• 18 decreased by a number is no less than 12.8

• 17 is greater than or equal to 8 less than a number

Center for Foundation Studies 31

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES

Addition Property for Inequalities

Center for Foundation Studies 32

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES

Center for Foundation Studies 33

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES

• 2.) You will graph your solutions.

Center for Foundation Studies 36

SPECIAL CASE 1: SWITCHING THE SIGNS

• Switching the signs:

Center for Foundation Studies 37

DIVISION PROPERTY FOR INEQUALITIES

MULTIPLICATION PROPERTY FOR INEQUALITIES

(-5 )-x > 2(-5) x < -10

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES

Let’s try some on our own …… ready?

Center for Foundation Studies 40

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #1

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #2

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #3

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #4

Center for Foundation Studies 45

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #5

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #6

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #7

SOLVING ONE-STEP INEQUALITIES #8

Center for Foundation Studies 50

DAY 3 SOLVING MULTI-STEP INEQUALITIES

Center for Foundation Studies 51

Center for Foundation Studies 52

Center for Foundation Studies 53

Center for Foundation Studies 55

Center for Foundation Studies 56