The Discipline

of History
Rhea Mae Amit
BSA-II
 OBJECTIVES
• Realize the value of the study of history in nation-building as well as in national
development;
• Give one’s own definition of history;
• See how history is related to other social disciplines;
• Relate the definition of history to its function in society;
• Internalize a particular perspective in the study of history;
• Give credit to historians who continue to improve and keep the study of history
alive.
“Ang Hindi lumigon sa
pinanggalingan ay Hindi
makakarating sa
paroroonan”
 Filipino Saying explains ;

- The reason why we have to study history is reflected in the

essence of this saying.
- It is the value of utang na loob (debt of gratitude) that is being
emphasized
- Use this saying in order to determine the significance of
looking back at the past to understand the present and help us
in the future
*The present is a repository(taguan) of the remains of the past.
There are things that remind us of our past, courtesy of our ancestors
who might have left things to serve as our guide at present. Some of
these are:
• Oral tradition
• written documents
• Fossils
• bahay na bato (stone house) , and
• pottery
THE CONCEPT OF HISTORY

• History is not a mere record of events; it is searching for the meaning or

significance of a certain event to a particular group of people
So what does history entail aside from knowing the basic facts?
In Filipino, the word history is translated as “kasaysayan.” The root word of the term
“kasaysayan” is “saysay” which also means significance, importance, value.
In other words, the question that should be answered are not only “what, where,
when and who” but more importantly, the questions “why” and “how”.
METHODOLOGY IN HISTORY
• Historiography means the writing of history
-uses scientific method
Historical sources can be classified into two –written and unwritten sources.
1.Written sources examples ;
• Letters, documents, calendars, newspapers, magazines, books, deeds, etc.
2. Unwritten sources examples;
• Fossils, remains and other archaeological objects such as stone tools, ruins of
houses, palaces, monuments, potteries, etc.
• Oral tradition, literature, language and interviews
Sources can further be classified into primary and secondary
sources.
Primary sources refer to sources which belong to the period of the
topic being discussed and which can directly attest to the facts of that
topic or event.
Secondary sources are those that already used primary sources.
The use of scientific methods in establishing the validity or
authenticity of sources is also needed.
 Ang pangunahing batis ay
naglalaman ng mga
impormasyon na galing mismo
sa bagay o taong pinag-uusapan
sa kasaysayan
 MGA NAKASULAT NA PANGUNAHING BATIS (PRIMARY
RESOURCES)
● Mga Talaarawan o DIARY/Journal .
● AWTOBIOGRAPIYA
● Mga MEMOIR
● Mga LIHAM
● Mga TALUMPATI
● Mga ULAT
● Mga OPISYAL NA DOKUMENTO
● Mga AKLAT NA ISINULAT NG MGA AWTORIDAD
● Mga isinulat ng mga SAKSI
MGA HINDI NAKASULAT NA PANGUNAHING BATIS
(PRIMARY RESOURCES)

● Mga FOSSIL,BUTO AT RELIKYA

● Mga MEMORABILIA
● KASAYSAYANG ORAL (ORAL HISTORY)
 Ang sekondaryang batis
naman ay mga batayang ang
impormasyon ay mula sa
pangunahing batis ng
kasaysayan.
 MGA SEKONDARYANG BATIS
● BATAYANG AKLAT
● MAGASIN
● BROCHURE
● ENCYCLOPEDIA
● KATALOGO
● ABSTRAK
● MGA SULAT O REBYU TUNGKOL SA PANGUNAHING
BATIS
The tradition of recognizing the significance of primary sources can be traced to
Germany during the 19th century through
•

• Leopold von Ranke – a German historian considered as the

-
> founder of scientific history.
He was the first one who emphasized the use of primary sources in order to give
authority to historiography.
A narration or discussion of an event becomes authoritative and credible if the
sources used were directly a witness or a part of that event.
Ranke’s ideal history is the narration of history based on “what actually happened.
“
History and interpretation

According to historian E. H. Carr, the use of perspective is important in

historiography.
A mountain, when viewed from different perspectives, would appear differently to
those who are viewing it. Carr also said that historical facts can be compared to a
sack which becomes useless when nothing is put inside it.
Among all the events that happened in the past, historians have the power to
choose which of these are significant to a group of people being studied and their
target readers. In fact, even the choice of language to be used in the writing history
shows a historian‘s subjectivity or bias because it determines who are expected to
read and understand the historian’s work
History and interpretation

According to historian E. H. Carr, the use of perspective is important in

historiography.
A mountain, when viewed from different perspectives, would appear differently to
those who are viewing it. Carr also said that historical facts can be compared to a
sack which becomes useless when nothing is put inside it.
Among all the events that happened in the past, historians have the power to
choose which of these are significant to a group of people being studied and their
target readers. In fact, even the choice of language to be used in the writing history
shows a historian‘s subjectivity or bias because it determines who are expected to
read and understand the historian’s work
History and other social disciplines

In ancient Philippine society our ancestors already knew how to write though they
never developed the habit of writing down their history. Instead they had oral
tradition which served as repository of their history. Epics, songs, folk stories,
and legends were transferred from one generation to the next through their spiritual
leaders called babaylan or katalonan.
Meanwhile,the Muslim’s had their own concept of historiography called tarsila or
salsila.
Tarsila or salsila – a genealogical record of the ancestry of a sultan.
Genealogy – is a recorded history of one’s decent or lineage.
Babaylan babaylan
Ang tarsila o sarsila ay ang
nakasulat na salaysay tungkol
sa pinagmulan ng isang lahi o
angkan sa mga Muslim
 Genealogy

• Ang
pagkakasunod
sunod ng lahì
At the start of Spanish colonialism in 1565, the concept of
historia was introduced by the Spaniards.
Historia –refers to the chronological record of events.
Social sciences- refer to the disciplines that study the
different aspect s of society and the relations of people to
society.
These include psychology, archaeology, sociology,
anthropology, political science, economics, history, geography,
etc.
• Archaeology is the study of remains so the historian may use data from this
discipline to reconstruct the prehistory of society.
• Prehistory refers to the period when there was no system of writing yet.

• Anthropology helps in studying ethnicity or the idea of belonging to a certain

group believed to have come from the same ancestor.
• Sociology is the study of the structure and development of society and the social
relations among people.
• Political science is the study of the government and it’s institutions.
• Economics is the study of the economy or the production, distribution and
consumption of products and services.
Archaeology
 Ang katagang bago ang kasaysayan o prehistorya - ay ang kasaysayan o
Prehistory historya ng sangkatauhan bago natutong makapagsulat ang mga tao ng
kasaysayan. Nilalarawan ng parirala o pamagat na ito ang kapanahunan
bago ang nakatalang kasaysayan. Natutuklasan lamang ito sa
pamamagitan ng larangan ng arkeolohiya
Anthropology
Inaalam sa antropolohiya ang pinagmulan at kaasalan ng tao at ang pag-
unlad at pagkakaiba-iba ng mga lipunan at kultura.
Ipinapaliwanag ng sosyolohiya ang relasyon ng tao sa kaniyang pamilya, sa kaniyang
lipunan, at sa institusyon at samahang kaniyang kinabibilangan. Sa pamamagitan ng
pag-aaral ng sosyolohiya, mababatid kung paano umaangkop o umaayon ang tao sa
kaniyang paligid partikular sa ginagalawan niyang lipunan.
 History and society

History - may be considered as a social science because it studies society using

rational and scientific methodology.
- considered as social science because the historian tries to find or
present the truth by analyzing the relations of forces in society.
Historical data are more important but it is more pertinent to understand the
significance of these data and how these data, when woven into a single story,
become significant to the general history of a certain group of people. This can be
done through the process called contextualization or placing an event in the
period when the the event happened.
● TEODORE AGONCILLO
The Filipino historian who
wrote Philippine history based
on Filipino point of view.

-Isa si Teodoro Agoncillo sa mga

batikang historyador sa bansa. Siya
ang sumulat ng History of the
Filipino People na ginagamit ng mga
estudyante nang ilang dekada na.
Ang Historyador at ang Kaniyang Mahalagang Papel sa
Lipunan

Ang historyador ay isang taong dalubhasa sa pagsulat

ng kasaysayan. Bukod sa mahusay siya sa pagkalap
ng mga impormasyon at detalye ng nakaraan,
gumagawa rin siya ng isang buod o pattern na
nagbibigay ng saysay sa kaniyang mga nakalap. Sa
pamamagitan ng pagbuo ng pattern na ito, ipinakikita
ng historyador kung paano nabuo ang isang
pangyayari.
Society- refers to a group of people living together in a territory with a
shared culture or way of life which may include religion, political system, traditions
and values.
Through the study of society, present generation would have an idea of;
• How our ancestors lived
• What are the characteristics of our society
• What were the values taught by parents to their children in the past that are still
being valued up to now.
• The historian finds aspects that have persisted and those that have changed
through various periods of our history.
• By studying society, we will be exposed to the diversity among Philippine
societies brought about primarily by the archipelago characteristics of the country.
 The study of Philippine history is the
study of various ethnolinguistic groups in
the Philippines and their role in every
chapter of our history.
Ethnolinguistic groups refer to
communities or groups of people who
share the same language, culture and
traditions.
 Kahalagahan ng Kasaysayan
May pagpapahalaga ba tayong mga Pilipino sa ating kasaysayan?
Paano natin dapat pahalagahan ang ating kasaysayan bilang isang
bansa at lipi? Suriin natin ang pananaw ng mga mananalaysay
patungkol sa kahalagahan ng kasaysayan.
● Ayon kay Fr. Jose S. Arcilla, SJ, isang propesor sa kasaysayan,
ang mga estudyante ng kasaysayan ay dapat gumugugol ng
oras upang masusing maunawaan ang mga pangyayari sa
nakalipas. Dagdag pa niya na kapag nabatid na ito ng
estudyante, maiuugnay na niya sa iba pang pangyayari ang
isang pangyayari na bahagi ng pangkahalatang kasaysayan.
● Ayon naman kay Gat Jose Rizal, nais niyang maikintal ang
pagpapahalaga sa kasaysayan bilang kasangkapan sa pagsulong ng
nasyonalismo na masasalamin sa mga kataga na: “Ano ka sa
hinaharap, ang taong walang personalidad, ang bayang walang
kalayaan, ang lahat ng sa iyo ay hiram, kahit na ang iyong mga
kahinaan.”
● Sa kabilang banda, naniniwala naman si Propesor Teodoro Agoncillo,
isang historyador, na ang pagkakakilanlan sa sarili at sa bansa
(national identity) ang halaga ng kasaysayan. Ayon naman sa kilalang
pilosopong si George Santayana, ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay
nagsisilbing gabay ng mga tao sa kinabukasan. Ipinararating ng
pilosopo na makatutulong sa tao ang pag-alam sa nakaraan upang
maiwasan na ang kamalian noon at makatulong sa pagbuo ng mga
wastong hakbang para sa kinabukasan.
 By looking back at the past, we might just find enough
information that might help in developing our knowledge
and historical consciousness, which in turn might serve as
the basis for the development of nationalism.
By developing historical consciousness, it is also
expected that we will find enough reasons for us to love
and be proud of our country. By understanding the past and
the present will lead us to a brighter future.
 SALAMAT AT
MAKASAYSAYAN
Makasaysayang Araw!
G ARAW !