Chapter 1 - Intorduction

Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Chapter One
Introduction
Tadele Libay
Topics
 History
 Objective of the course
 Types of lines
 Drawing tools
 Lettering
2
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMiE
History
 Historically drawing is started by the caveman. He uses for

communication to lead his day to day life.
3
History
 As human needs increase continuously, there is revolutionary

change. Industrial revolution is one of the milestones for the
development of drawing.
4
History
 From time to time several rules and principles were

developed to utilize drawing as efficient as possible.
5
What is Drawing ?
• Drawing is a graphic language used to express
ideas. In other words it is one means of
communication.
• It is used for:
– Research and Development
– Design
– Production
– Construction
– Operation
– Maintenance
– Installation
– etc
6
V-block in words
The v-block is to be made of cast iron and machined

on all surfaces. The overall sizes are two and one-half
mm high, three inches wide, and six mm long. A v-
shaped cut having an included angle of 90° is to be
made through the entire length of the block. The cut is
to be made with the block resting on the three mm by
six mm surface. The v-cut is to begin one-quarter mm
from the outside edges. At the bottom of the v-cut
there is to be a relief slot one-eighth mm wide by one-
eighth mm deep.
How do you understand it?
7
V-block in drawing
8
Graphic language
1. Try to write a description of

this object.
2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
9
Graphic language
 Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to

represent the surfaces, edges and contours of objects.
 The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.
 A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or

computer methods.
1
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMiE 0
Graphic language
Freehand drawing:
 The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and
erasers.
 Try to practice….
11
Graphic language
Instrument drawing:
 Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely
and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale.
1
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMiE 2
Graphic language
Computer drawing:
 The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as AutoCAD,

solid works etc.
13
Drawing Sheet
 Standard sheet size (JIS) A4
 A4 - 210 x 297 (mm) A3

 A3 - 297 x 420 (mm)
 A2 - 420 x 594 (mm)
 A1 - 594 x 841 (mm) A2
 A0 - 841 x 1189 (mm)
A1
For this course:

 A4
A0
14
Drawing Sheet - Orientation
Type X (A0~A4) Type Y (A4 only)
c
d
d c Drawing
Drawing space
Border space Title block
lines Title block
c
Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 5 15 For this course:
A3 10 25  c = 5mm
A2 10 25  d = 15mm
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
15
Drawing Scale
 Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension (length and size)of an element of an object
shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the
object.
 Designation of a scale consists of the word “Scale” followed by the indication of its
ratio, as follow.
 Scale 1:1 for full size

 Scale X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
 Scale 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
 Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true size” of the
object and they are independent of the scale used in creating that drawing.
16
Drawing Scale
Size in drawing Actual size
17
Basic types of lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION

Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)
Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy
Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Continuous thin line Long break lines.
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash lines Invisible edges, hidden lines.
Long chain thin line Locus lines, center lines, path of motion
Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines
18
Line conventions:
19
Line conventions:
20
Drawing tools
21
Drawing tools
Triangles
Adhesive Tape
T-Square
Pencils
2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line
22
Drawing tools
Sandpaper Compass Pencil Eraser Erasing Shield
23
Drawing tools
Circle Template Clean paper

Tissue paper
Sharpener
24
Borders and title blocks
• Borders
• Provides a safety area to prevent the loss of important information.
• Approve appearance for presentation purposes
• Title Blocks
• Some items standard: drawing number, sheet number, title, company
name, logo, scale, date, tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor.
• Drawings should be:

• Complete and unambiguous
• Should be neat and easy to read
• Use only as many views as necessary to show all required detail
• Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight tolerances can add a great
deal of additional cost with little or not added value to the part
25
Borders and title blocks
Dimension & Notes
Text placement on
drawings
Notes Title Block

26
Lettering
 Text on engineering drawing is used:
 To communicate nongraphic information.
 As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text

can communicate the needed information more clearly and quickly.
 It must be written with

 Legibility - shape and space between letters and words.
 Uniformity – size and line thickness.
27
Basic strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved
Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1
3 6
3
2
28
Upper case and numbers
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
29
Lower-case letters
30
Upper Case, Lower Case Numbers and Symbols
 The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital letter.
31
Stroke sequence
I L T F
E H
32
Stroke sequence
V X W
33
Stroke sequence
N M K Z
Y A 4
34
Stroke sequence
O Q C G
35
Stroke sequence
D U P B
R J 1 2
36
Stroke sequence
5 7
37
Stroke sequence
S 0 3 6
8 9
38
Stroke sequence
l i
39
Stroke sequence
v w x k
40
Stroke sequence
j y f t
41
Stroke sequence
c o a b
d p q e
42
Stroke sequence
g n m h
u s
43
Word composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

A) Non-uniform spacing
JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing
J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ? 44
Word composition
Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \ / \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
45
Spacing between letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant
2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve
46
Spacing between letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant
7. The letter “L” and “T”
≡ slant slant
slant
≡ straight
47
Good and poor lettering - Example
GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.

48
Sentence composition
 Leave the space between words equal to the space requires

for writing a letter “O”.
Example
ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
49

Chapter 1 - Intorduction

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Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

 Objective of the course

 Historically drawing is started by the caveman. He uses for

 As human needs increase continuously, there is revolutionary

 From time to time several rules and principles were

The v-block is to be made of cast iron and machined

How do you understand it?

1. Try to write a description of

2. Test your written description

You can easily understand that …

 Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to

 The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.

 A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or

 The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as AutoCAD,

 Standard sheet size (JIS) A4

 A4 - 210 x 297 (mm) A3

For this course:

Type X (A0~A4) Type Y (A4 only)

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

 Scale 1:1 for full size

Size in drawing Actual size

TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

2H or HB for thick line

Sandpaper Compass Pencil Eraser Erasing Shield

Circle Template Clean paper

• Drawings should be:

Notes Title Block

 Text on engineering drawing is used:

 To communicate nongraphic information.

 As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text

 It must be written with

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

7. The letter “L” and “T”

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Leave the space between words equal to the space requires

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

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