Modern wireless system

Mohammd Shafiquddin
2G GSM IS 136
IS-95 & PDC

GPRS
2.5G IS 95B
HSCSD
EDGE

CDMA 2000-3XRTT 3GPP

3G CDMA 2000- WCDMA
3GPP2 1XEV,DV,DO
EDGE

CDMA 2000-1XRTT TDSCDMA

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
 2.5G Architectural Detail
2G MS (voice only)
NSS

BSS

E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D H
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
Gb
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Gr HLR
AuC
Gc

Gn Gi
PSDN
SGSN IP GGSN

BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
NSS — Network Sub-System SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GPRS — General Packet Radio Service
GMSC — Gateway MSC

Mohammd Shafiquddin
GSM Evolution for Data Access
2 Mbps
UMTS

384 kbps
115 kbps EDGE
GPRS

9.6 kbps
GSM

1997 2000 2003 2003+

GSM evolution 3G

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) — 3G
Radios
2G MS (voice only)
CN

BSS

E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MSC GMSC
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC IP
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS — Base Station System CN — Core Network SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS — Base Transceiver Station MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC — Base Station Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
RNS — Radio Network System AuC — Authentication Server
RNC — Radio Network Controller GMSC — Gateway MSC UMTS — Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
List out specifications of 2.5 g GSM
(any four features)

Mohammd Shafiquddin
2.5 G

Mohammd Shafiquddin
2.5 G GSM systems are HSCSD, GPRS,
and EDGE

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Specifications of EDGE:
The name EDGE stands for Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution and it
enables data to be sent over a GSM
TDMA system at speeds up to 384
kbps.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Multiple Access Technology FDMA / TDMA
Duplex Technique FDD
Channel Spacing 200 kHz
Modulation GMSK, 8PSK
Slots per channel 8
Frame duration 4.615 ms
Latency Below 100 ms

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Overall symbol rate 270 k symbols / s
Overall modulation bit rate 810 kbps
Radio data rate per time slot 69.2 kbps
Max user data rate per time slot 59.2 kbps (MCS-9)
Max user data rate
when using 8 time slots 473.6 kbps **

Mohammd Shafiquddin
For EDGE 2.5 G and GPRS standard
state following specification (2.5 G
GSM)
(i) Data rate
(ii) Channel bandwidth
(iii) Modulation technique
(iv) Number of voice channels

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Parameter EDGE 2.5 G GPRS
Data rate 547.2 kbps 171.2kbps
Channel bandwidth 200kHz 200kHz
Modulation technique GMSK and 8 PSK GMSK and 8 PSK
Number of voice channels 8 per carrier 8 per carrier

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 3G rel5 Architecture (UMTS) —
IP Multimedia
2G MS (voice only)
CN
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
CS-MGW
A/IuCS
Abis Nc PSTN PSTN
Mc
Mc
B
BSC C
MSC Server GMSC server
Gb/IuPS D
BTS VLR
Gs SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data) ATM
IuCS
RNS IP/ATM
Gr HSS
AuC
Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
IP Network
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW
IM
IM — IP Multimedia sub-system Gs PSTN
MRF — Media Resource Function IP
CSCF — Call State Control Function
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) Mc
Mg
IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW MRF
MGCF

CSCF

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
International Standardization
• ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
– Radio standards and spectrum
• IMT-2000
– ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
• National and regional standards bodies are
collaborating in 3G partnership projects
– ARIB, TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI - refer to
reference slides at the end for names and links
• 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)
– Focused on evolution of access and core
networks

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 Standardization
• At end of 1998 different standardization
organizations got together and created 3GPP, 3rd
Generation Partnership Project.
– 5 Founding members: ETSI, ARIB+TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA)
– CWTS (China) joined later.
• Different companies are members through their
respective standardization organization.

3GPP

ETSI ARIB TTA T1P1 TTC CWTS

ETSI Members ARIB Members TTA Members T1P1 Members TTC Members CWTS Members

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 The Four Technical Specification
Groups (TSG) in 3GPP are:
• Radio Access Networks (RAN),
• Service and Systems Aspects (SA),
• Core Network and Terminals (CT) and
• GSM EDGE Radio Access Networks (GERAN).

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 IMT-2000 Vision Includes
LAN, WAN and Satellite Services

Global
Satellite

Suburban Urban
In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal

Mohammd Shafiquddin
List any four vision of IMT 2000.

It supports multiple environments such as

cellular, cordless satellite LAN’s.
It provides global seamless roaming and
service delivery across the IMT 2000
networks.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
It supports the VHE (Virtual Home
Entertainment) and UPT (Universal
Personal telecommunication).
It provides security and enhances
performances.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
It provides global coverage by
integrating the terrestrial and
satellite systems.
It provides 2 Mbps data rates for
indoor environments.
It makes use of Intelligent
Networks capabilities.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Draw IMT-2000 network architecture.
List different interfaces used in it.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
Interfaces used in IMT 2000
MT-RAN interface
RAN-CN interface
CN-CN interface

Mohammd Shafiquddin
State any four advantages of 3G
wireless network system.
Advantages of 3G are:

Multi-megabit internet access.

Voice activated cells
Unparalleled network capacity
“always on” internet access
Communications using Voice Over
Internet Protocol.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
State any four features of UMTS/
WCDMA.
It is more robust for multipath delays.
It has very high packet data rates of 2.048 Mbps.
It has very high channel bandwidth of 5 MHz
It has backward compatibility with GSM systems.
It has high frame structure of 16 slots per frame.
It gives signals of higher voice and data quality and
also small bit error rates.
It has a common world-wide spectrum band.
It has global seamless connectivity (roaming).

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 Evolution of Mobile standards
EDGE

WCDMA HSDPA/
FDD HSUPA
GSM
HSCSD GPRS
LTE

TD-CDMA HSDPA/
TDD HCR HSUPA

TD-SCDMA
TDD LCR

cdma2000
1XEV - DO
cdmaOne cdma2000
(IS-95)
cdma2000
1XEV - DV

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
• The universal mobile telecommunication
system (UMTS) is developed by ETSI.
• European carriers, manufacturer and
government collectively developed early
version of UMTS.
• It is submitted by ETSI to ITU’s IMT2000 body
in 1998.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 3G WCDMA
• It is based on “always on” packet.
• It will support packet data rates upto
2.048Mbps.
• Allowing high quality data, multimedia,
streaming audio, streaming video and
broadcast services.
future data rate of stationary user will be
8Mbps.
Mohammd Shafiquddin
 WCDMA System
• WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS
systems
• Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
– Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands
between the carriers
• Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time
– UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
• High bit rates
– With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL
– 384 kbps highest implemented
• Fast power control (PC)
=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the
interference

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• WCDMA provides pubic and private network
features as well as videoconferencing and
virtual home entertainment (VHE).

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 W CDMA
• Minimum spectrum allocation of 5Mhz.
• Backward compatibility to GSM,IS 136/PDC
GPRS etc.
• Data rate 8kbps to 2 Mbps.
• Single channel can support between 100 and
350 simultaneous voice calls.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
 CDMA2000 1x Network
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or
IS-2000 AAL1 over SONET PST N
A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over
T1/T3
MSC
BTS

MS AQuarter Ref (A10, A11)

BSC
IP over Ethernet/AAL5 SMS-
Proprietary Interface
SC
Internet
BTS IP
IP IP
Router Firewall Router
BTS — Base Transceiver Station RADIUS over UDP/IP
BSC — Base Station Controller
MS — Mobile Station
MSC — Mobile Switching Center
HLR — Home Location Registry Privata
SMS-SC — Short Message
Data
Service — Serving Center
AAA Home Network
STM — Synchronous Transfer Mode
Agent
PDSN — Packet Data Serving Node
AAA — Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN
Home Agent — Mobile IP Home Agent
A10 — Bearer interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data
A11 — Signaling interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 1xEVDO — IP Data Only
IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver Station
IP BSC - IP Base Station Controller
IS-2000
AAA - Authentication, Authorization,
and Accounting
PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node
Home Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent

Internet

IP IP
Firewall Router
IP BSC IP
Router
IS-2000

RADIUS over UDP/IP

Privata
Data
Network

AAA PDSN Home

Agent

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 1XEVDV — IP Data and Voice
SIP SCTP/IP SS7

IS-2000 SIP SGW

MGCF
Proxy
(Softswitch) P ST N
H.248 (Maybe MGCP)
SIP

Circuit switched voice

Packet switched voice
MGW

Internet

IP IP SIP Proxy — Session Initiation Protocol

IP BSC Firewall Router Proxy Server
PDSN + MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function
Router SGW — Signaling Gateway (SS7)
MGW — Media Gateway (Voice)
IS-2000

Nextgen MSC ? Privata

Data
Network
AAA Home
Agent

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
 3G CDMA 2000
• Developed by TIA of U.S.
• And involve participation of 3GPP2 working
group.
• first CDMA air interface CDMA 1xRTT.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 CDMA 1xRTT
• Channel 1.25MHZ.
• AKA G3G-MC-CDMA-1x
• MC stand for multicarrier and RTT “Radio
Transmission Technology” .
• Supports data rate up to 307kbps for user in
packet mode.
• Supports twice voice user as the 2G CDMA.
• Proved longer lasting battery life.
Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Developed for both FDD(mobile) and TDD (in
building cordless) applications.
• No additional RF equipment is needed .
• The changes are all made in software or in
baseband hardware.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 Cdma2000 1XEV
• CDMA2000 1xEV is an evolutionary advancement
for CDMA.
• Developed by Qualcomm, Inc.
• ITU recognized cdma2000 1xEV as part of
IMT2000.
• It provides cdma carriers with option of installing
radio channels with data only (CDMA2000 1xEV-
DO), or data and voice (CDMA2000 1xEV-DV)
individual 1.25Mhz channels may installed in
CDMA base station to provide specific high speed
packet data access with in selected cells.
Mohammd Shafiquddin
• CDMA 2000 1xEV DO supports data rate
greater than 2.4Mbps.
• CDMA 2000 1xEV DV data rate 144kbps and
twice voice channels.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 Cdma 3xRTT
• The CDMA 3xRTT uses three adjacent
1.25Mhz radio channels (3.75Mhz) that are
used together to provide packet data speed in
excess of 2Mbps, depending upon cell loading,
vehicle speed and propagation condition.
•

Mohammd Shafiquddin
State four specifications of 3G CDMA –
2000.
Parameters CDMA-2000
Carrier spacing 3.75 MHz
Chip rate 3.6864 MHz
Data modulation FW-QPSK, RV-BPSK
Spreading Complex (OQPSK)
Power control frequency 800 Hz

Variable data rate implement Repeat, Puncturing multicode

Frame duration 20 ms (also 5, 30, 40)
Coding Turbo and convolutional
Base station Synchronous
Forward link pilot CDM common pilot

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Compare 3G WCDMA (UMTS) and 3G
CDMA 2000 with respect to carrier
spacing,
chip rate, power control frequency
and coding.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Parameters 3G WCDMA (UMTS) 3G CDMA 2000

Carrier spacing 5 MHz 3.75MHz

Chip rate 4.096MHz 3.6864MHz

Power control frequency 1.5MHz 800Hz

Coding Turbo and conventional Turbo and convolution

Mohammd Shafiquddin
 3G TD-SCDMA
• Developed by china Academy of
telecommunication tech. (CATT) & Siemens
corporation .
• Based on Time division Synchronous Code
Division Multiple Access.
• Up gradation existing GSM network

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• TD SCDMA combines TDMA and TDD
technique to provide a data.
• Provides 384kbps of packet data to data user.
• Radio channel 1.6MHZ
• Uses smart antenna, spatial filtering and joint
detection techniques.
• A 5ms frames is used in TD SCDMA.
• Frame is sub divided into seven time slots.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• By using TDD different time slots within single
frame on a single carrier frequency are used
to provide both reverse and forward channel
transmissions.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• For the case of asynchronous traffic demand,
such as when user downloads a file the
forward link requires more bandwidth than
reverse link.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• And thus more time slot will be dedicated to
providing forward link traffic.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
• New Radio Access Architecture
network needed Uu interface Iub interface
mainly due to new
radio access
technology RNC
• Core Network (CN) is NodeB
based on GSM/GPRS UE
• Radio Network CN
Controller (RNC) NodeB Iur interface
corresponds roughly to
the Base Station UE
Controller (BSC) in
GSM
NodeB
• Node B corresponds RNC

roughly to the Base

Station in GSM
– Term “Node B” is a UTRAN
relic from the first
3GPP releases
Mohammd Shafiquddin
Short Message Service (SMS)
• Point-to-point, short, text message service
• Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41)
• SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports
• SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station

SMS-GMSC

E PSDN
A
B SC
BTS BSC C SMS-IWMSC
MS MSC PC
SME VLR

SMS — GMSC Gateway MSC SMEs

SMS — IWMSC InterWorking MSC
SC — Service Center HLR
SME — Short Messaging Entity
 SMS Principles
• Basic services
– SM MT (Mobile Terminated)
– SM MO (Mobile Originated)
– (3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled
– (3GPP2) User can acknowledge
• SM Service Center (3GPP) aka
Message Center (3GPP2)
– Relays and store-and-forwards SMSs
• Payload of up to 140 bytes, but
– Can be compressed (MS-to-MS)
– And/or segmented Mohammd
in several SMs
Shafiquddin
 Delivery (MT)
Report

SMS Transport MS
Submission (MO)
Report
SC

• Delivery / Submission report

– Optional in 3GPP2
• Messages-Waiting
– SC informs HLR/VLR that a message could not be
delivered to MS
• Alert-SC
– HLR informs SC that the MS is again ready to
receive
• All messages over signaling channels
– Usually SS7; SMSC may have IP option
Mohammd Shafiquddin
Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
• WLL stands for Wireless Local Loop.
Microwave wireless links can be used to create
a wireless local loop.
• Local Loop is a network that resides
between the central office (CO) and the
individual homes and business in close
proximity to the central office (CO) as shown
in figure above.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• In most developed countries, copper or
optical fiber cable already has been
installed to residence and business.
• One more advantage of WLL is that we have to
pay only once for that wireless equipment,
after there is no additional costs involved.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• System WLL is based on Cellular, satellite,
microcellular.
• The WLL can greatly improve the
telecommunication facilities and services in
an inexpensive way.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Why it is called WLL?

• WLL is a system that connects subscribers

to the public switched telephone network
(PSTN)
• using radio signals as a substitute for
copper for all or part of the connection
between the subscriber and the switch so it is
called as WLL.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Advantages of WLL:

• 1. High bandwidth is available

• 2. Faster deployment
• 3. Lower deployment costs
• 4. Lower network maintenance, management
and operating cost.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Sketch architecture of WLL system and
list its advantages.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Describe operation of LMDS with
suitable diagram.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Wireless Networks
• Infrastructure based Networks

• traditional cellular systems (base station

infrastructure)

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Wireless LANs
• Infrared (IrDA) or radio links (Wavelan)
• – very flexible within the reception area; ad-
hoc networks possible
• – low bandwidth compared to wired networks
(110 Mbit/s)

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Ad hoc Networks

• – useful when infrastructure not available,

impractical, or expensive
• – military applications, rescue, home
networking

Mohammd Shafiquddin
What are mobile ad hoc networks?

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Wireless networks without infrastructure no
base station/access points, no backbone

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Each terminal is host and router at the same
time!

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Terminals may be mobile

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Packet-based data forwarding
• Routes between two devices can be several
hops long
• – also called multi-hop ad-hoc networks

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Ad-hoc networks are self-organizing
• No central components

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Example of data packet routing in
MANETs

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Mohammd Shafiquddin
MANET
• List any four features of MANET

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is an
autonomous collection of mobile devices such
as laptops, smart phone etc. that
communicate with each other over wireless
link and cooperate in a distributed manner to
provide necessary network functionality in the
absence of a fixed infrastructure.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• This type of network operating as a
standalone network or multiple point of
attachment to the cellular networks

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• MANET can be categorized into first, second
and third generation.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• It has evolved to be a robust, reliable,
operational experimental network.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• MANET allows users to access and exchange
information regardless of their geographic
position or proximity to infrastructure

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• All modes in MANET are mobile and their
connections are dynamic
•

Mohammd Shafiquddin
What is Bluetooth?

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Bluetooth is a standardized protocol for
sending and receiving data using 2.4GHz
wireless link.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Masters, Slaves, and Piconets

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• Bluetooth networks (commonly referred to as
piconets) use a master/slave model to control
when and where devices can send data.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• In this model, a single master device can be
connected to up to seven different slave
devices. Any slave device in the piconet can
only be connected to a single master.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• The master coordinates communication
throughout the piconet. It can send data to
any of its slaves and request data from them
as well. Slaves are only allowed to transmit to
and receive from their master. They can’t talk
to other slaves in the piconet.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• State any four features of Bluetooth and PAN.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
• PAN is a networking feature of Bluetooth-enabled devices.
• 1. Each Bluetooth device has the capability of sharing all of its
features with other Bluetooth
• devices in the surrounding area.
• 2. For example, a Bluetooth phone can share information with a
Bluetooth-enabled computer or
• printer, just like one Bluetooth-enabled computer can link to
another
• 3. Bluetooth-enabled computer, sharing all the features, such as
the Internet.
• 4. Bluetooth devices can communicate at ranges of up to 10
meters.
• 5. Bluetooth devices do not need to be in direct sight of each other.

Mohammd Shafiquddin
Bluetooth.

Mohammd Shafiquddin