Composition of the crude oil

Chemistry of hydrocarbon
Continue…
 Characteristics of Gaseous fuels

• Have high heat content

• No ash or smoke
• Very large storage tanks are required
 Characteristics of liquid fuels
• High calorific value
• No dust ash and clinker
• Clean fuels
• Less furnace air
• Less furnace space
• Used in IC engines
 Characteristics of solid fuels

• Ash is high.
• Low thermal efficiency
• Form clinker
• Low calorific value and require large excess air.
• Cost of handling high
• Cannot be used in IC engines.
An ideal fuel should have the following properties
• High calorific value
• Moderate ignition temperature
• Low moisture content
• Low NOn combustible matter
• Moderate velocity of combustion
• Products of combustion not harmful
• Low cost
• Easy to transport
• Combustion should be controllable
• No spontaneous combustion
• Low storage cost
• Should burn in air with efficiency.
 CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS
• When fuels are burnt, heat is produced. The amount of heat
produced by different types of fuels on burning is expressed in terms
of calorific value.
• Calorific value of a fuel may be defined as the amount of heat
produced on complete burning of 1 gm of fuel. S.I. unit of calorific
value of fuels is kilojoule per gram (KJ/g).
• For example, when one gram of wood is burnt completely it produces
17 kilojoules heat. Therefore, the calorific value of wood is 17 KJ/g. in
similar manner, when 1 gm of kerosene oil is burnt completely it
produces 48 kilojoules heat. So, the calorific value of kerosene oil is
48 KJ/g.
 Table of calorific value of fuels
Serial
Fuel Calorific value
No.
1. Hydrogen 150 KJ/g
2. Methane 55 KJ/g
3. LPG 50 KJ/g
4. Kerosene oil 48 KJ/g
5. Charcoal 33 KJ/g
6. Wood 17 KJ/g
 Significance of Calorific Value
• It becomes clear from table given above that different fuels have
different calorific values, i.e. different fuels produce different
amounts of heat on burning. The calorific value of fuels helps us to
decide that which fuel is good for us. This is done by comparing the
calorific values of fuels with each other. Usually, a fuel having higher
calorific value is considered to be a good fuel.
Properties of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
• LPG is a by product from petroleum refinery process and is a mixture
of propane(30%) and butane (70%).
• It exist as a vapor under ambient conditions and can be changed into
liquid phase by applying moderate pressure.
• When stored under pressure it become a dense liquid allowing a large
quantity of gas to be stored into a relatively small space.
• Energy contents similar to gasoline.
• Inherently clean burning characteristics.
• LPG known worldwide as auto gas with multiple benefits.
• C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O + heat
• 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O + heat
 Continued…
Characteristics of LPG
• LPG is colorless and odorless gas
• Flammable and heavier than air
• Stored under pressure as liquid but in vapor state at atmospheric conditions
• Larger vapor to liquid ratio
• Highest energy fuel
• It is very light in weight and non-corrosive and non-toxic
• When placed under pressure in cylinders, it is stored as liquid
• Flash point is -104 0C with a boiling point of -6 0C
• LPG is lightly anesthetic and can cause suffocation
LPG uses
LPG distribution route
Particulate emission
LPG cylinders and LPG loading/unloading trucks
 Properties of Petrol or gasoline
• Gasoline or petrol is a fuel, derived from petroleum crude oil, for use
in spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
• It has an initial boiling point at atmospheric pressure of about 35 °C
(95 °F) and a final boiling point of about 200 °C (395 °F).
• Gasoline is used primarily as fuel for the internal combustion engines
in automotive vehicles as well in some small airplanes.
• Gasoline and other end-products are produced from petroleum crude
oil in petroleum refineries. For a number of reasons it is very difficult
to quantify the amount of gasoline produced by refining a given
amount of crude oil.
• However, as an average of all the refineries operating in the United
States in 2007,[5] refining a barrel of crude oil (i.e., 42 gallons or 159
liters) yielded 19.2 gallons (72.7 liters) of end-product gasoline as
shown in the adjacent image.
 Continued…
• Some of the most important refinery process streams that are
blended together to obtain the end-product gasolines are:

* Reformate (produced in a catalytic reformer): has a high content of

aromatic hydrocarbons and a very low content of olefinic
hydrocarbons (alkenes).
* Catalytically cracked gasoline (produced in a fluid catalytic cracker):
has a high content of olefinic hydrocarbons and a moderate amount
of aromatic hydrocarbons.
* Hydrocrackate (produced in a hydrocracker): has a moderate
content of aromatic hydrocarbons.
* Alkylate (produced in an alkylation unit): has a high content of
highly branched paraffinic hydrocarbons such as isooctane.
* Isomerate (produced in a catalytic isomerization unit): has a high
content of the branched isomers of pentane and hexane.
PROPERTIES THAT DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCE OF GASOLINE
1. Octane number
 2. Vapor pressure
• The vapor pressure of a gasoline is a measure of its propensity to evaporate
(i.e., its volatility) and high vapor pressures result in high evaporative
emissions of smog-forming hydrocarbons which are undesirable from the
environmental viewpoint. However, from the viewpoint of gasoline
performance:
The gasoline must be volatile enough that engines can start easily at the
lowest expected temperature in the geographical area of the gasoline's
expected market. For that reason, in most areas, gasoline marketed during
the winter season has a higher vapor pressure than gasoline marketed in
the summer season.

Too high a volatility could cause excessive vapor leading to vapor locking in
the fuel pump and fuel piping.

Thus, gasoline producers must provide gasolines that make possible the easy
starting of engines and avoid vapor locking problems while at the same time
complying with the environmental regulatory limitations on hydrocarbon
emissions.
 3. Sulfur content
• When gasoline is combusted, any sulfur compounds in the gasoline
are converted into gaseous sulfur dioxide emissions which are
undesirable from the environmental viewpoint. Some of the sulfur
dioxide also combines with the water vapor formed when gasoline
combusts and the result is the formation of an acidic, corrosive gas
that can damage the engine and its exhaust system. Furthermore,
sulfur interferes with the efficiency of the on-board catalytic
converters.
• Thus, sulfur compounds in gasoline are highly undesirable from either
the environmental viewpoint or the engine performance
viewpoint. Many countries now mandate that the sulfur content of
gasoline be limited to 10 ppm by weight.
 4. Storage stability
• Gasoline stored in fuel tanks and other containers will, in time,
undergo oxidative degradation and form sticky resins referred to as
gums. Such gums can precipitate out of the gasoline and cause fouling
of the various components of internal combustion engines which
reduces the performance of the engines and also makes it harder to
start them. Relatively small amounts of various anti-oxidation
additives are included in end-product gasoline to improve the
gasoline stability during storage by inhibiting the formation of gums.
• Other additives are also provided in end-product gasolines, such as
corrosion inhibitors to protect gasoline storage tanks, freezing point
depressants to prevent icing, and color dyes for safety or
governmental regulatory requirements.
 Kerosene oil
Heating and cooking purpose Illuminating purpose
 Smoke point of kerosene
• The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters at which
kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard
conditions.
• This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke
producing properties of kerosene and aviation turbine fuels in a
diffusion flame.
• It is related to the type of hydrocarbon composition.
• Generally more aromatic the fuel the smoker the flame.
• A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
 Continue…
• The smoking tendency of Kerosene and diesel are 13.01 and 16.84
respectively and flame height of 24.6 mm and 19 mm.
• Low smoke tendency of kerosene is due to the presence of aromatic
contents as compared to the lower distillation fractions (gas oil, diesel
oil, LGO and HGO).
• Higher the paraffinic contents higher the smoke and lower smoking
tendency and vice versa.
Why we measure the smoke point of kerosene
• Smoke pint is been measure for different purposes including:
 For designing purpose
 For quality purpose
 for the safety and environmental purpose
 Smoke point improvement
• In order to improve the smoke point of kerosene, we decrease the
smoking tendency od kerosene, and can be done by:
 increasing the paraffinic content of kerosene
Decreasing the C/H ratio of kerosene by increasing the number of
hydrogen atoms.
Kerosene hydro-treating: by upgrading the raw kerosene by treating
the hydrogen in the presence of catalyst, where Sulphur and nitrogen
compounds are converted to H2S and NH3.