Corruption

• Misuse of entrusted power for private benefit . No

structure, no tier and no office of public sector is
immune from it. Its spread is enormous. It has
reached every organ of state — beyond executive it
has put its claws on judiciary and legislature even. It
would be no exaggeration to say that the whole body
of the state of Pakistan is suffering from it .
Types of Corruption
• Three main types of corruption
Grand Corruption
Bureaucratic Corruption
Legislative Corruption
Grand Corruption
• It generally refers to the acts of the political elite (selected officials) by
which they exploit their power to make economic policies.
• A corrupt political elite can change either the national policies or the
implementation of national policies to serve its own interests.
• This type of corruption is difficult to identify and measure especially
when at least some segments of the population will gain.
• This type of corruption may have very serious consequences for a
society.
Bureaucratic Corruption
• This is the corrupt acts of the appointed bureaucrats
in their dealings with either their superior (the
political elite) or with the public.
• In its most common form, usually known as petty
corruption, the public may be required to bribe
bureaucrats either to receive a service to which they
are entitled or to speed up a bureaucratic procedure.
Legislative Corruption

• This refers to the manner and the extent to which the

voting behavior of legislators can be influenced.
Legislators can be bribed by interest groups to enact
legislation that can change the economic rents
associated with assets. This type of corruption would
include "vote-buying“.
Types of Corruption in developing countries
• High Level Corruption: Such types of corruption can
be seen as kick back paid to defence ministers in
exchange for his or her country's purchase of
expensive jet fighter aircraft.
• Low Level Corruption : This type of corruption
includes bribes paid to civil servant for issuing a
driver's license (bribes need to be paid to several
officials, no guaranteed delivery for the target).
Roots of Corruption
• The roots of corruption in Pakistan date back to the
colonial period when the Britishers rewarded lands
and titles to those who were their loyalists leading to
nepotism and corruption.