This collection was collated by Xiuli Xu as teaching material on the Emerging Powers and International Development

course at the Institute of Development Studies

Lecture 2

Emerging Powers and the New Global Order

Opportunities and Challenges

source: http://www.foreignpolicy.com
 Contents

• Global governance as a structure, as a process, and as a

mechanism.

• Historical evolution of the global governance since World

WarⅡ, current global order and challenges

• emerging powers and the new global order: opportunities

and challenges
 1. Multiple Perspectives on Global governance:
as a structure, as a process, and as a mechanism
• As a structure:
Structure means ‘system of rules’, ‘institutionalized modes of social construction.
Structurally, the global economy has been sustained for many years by an
institutional architecture consisting of major economic institutions like the IMF,
World Bank Group and the GATT, created under the auspices of the Bretton Woods
System, led by the transatlantic alliance after World War Ⅱ.

• As a process:
Process is characterised by interaction and participation amongst different actors to
coordinate and manage issues as they arise; it is therefore a ‘norm generating
process’ through different ‘practices of governing’. Global governance is framed
more comprehensively to encapsulate a range of actors exercising authority at the
global level, justifying calls fro processes to become more partcipative and inclusive.

• As a mechanism:
Governance is about decision-making and developing mechanisms and institutions
required for achieving desired policy outcomes. Global governance can be seen more
practically as a mechanism to make collective decisions, enforce global rules, and
address common problems; mechanisms being collectively pushed by agents seeling
to "govern" activities in their repsective issue area.
(UNDP and CCIEE, 2012:11-13)
• some examples on each perspective

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 2. Historical evolution of the global governance since
World WarⅡ
• WB, IMF
• WTO
• UN system
• Bilateral agencies
• OECD/DAC
• NGOs
• MNCs
• Banks and development funds
• development researchers and
institutes

"messy multilateralism"

source: http://news.xinhuanet.com
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 2. Milestones of the global governance since World WarⅡ
Financial crisis
World Debt Crisis
Bretton Marshall OPEC Structural Adjustment Gulf War
Woods Plan USAID Programs WTO 9.11

1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Bandung UN North- G20

conference NIEO South
dialogue MDGs
Non-Aligned
Movement
G77 Concept of BRICS

UNCTAD 1st BRICS Summit

UNDP, UNIDO
The HLF-4th Busan
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 2. Current Order and challenges

• Managing the global power shift

"By 2050, Brazil, China and India will constitute 40% of
global output, up from 10% in 1950s" (UNHDR
2013:2)
"Future of the world and the success of global
governance are very much dependent on the
interaction between the existing and emerging
powers" (UNDP and CCIEE, 2012:14)

• Provision of global public goods

Policy coherences becomes critical in this fragmented
institutional milieu...

• Legitimising global governance source:http://www.huaxia.com/xw/rmdjwz/2013/01/

effectiveness and inclusiveness 3189439.html
e.g. crisis in climate change governance
e.g., unfair rules in agricultural and manufature
sector

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 2. Encounter and challenges
Channels：
• trade: WTO
• investment: CSR, labor, human rights,
environment, and governance, etc.
• aid: OECD/DAC, ODA, conditionality
• Financial institutions: WB, IMF (voting)
• UN system: security, development

The detailed differences on aid and

business will be introduced in detail in
Session 3.
• Effectiveness • conception, principles and value
• Inclusiveness • strategically, policies, practices

• the bottom billion

• climate change
• inequality in developing countries
• urbanization and migration
• globalization
• finanancial stability
source: http://vod.hust-snde.com; http://auction1.paipai.com;
http://www.afinance.cn; http://www.taoguba.com.cn;
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http://productism.com
 3. Emerging powers and global order:
opportunities and challenges

• Given their expanding economic size and increasingly

active diplomacy, the BRICS countries are gradually
gaining greater influence over the internatonal decision
making process. Managing the influence of these
emerging powers and reforming global institutions will
become decisive issues for establishing an effective
global governance system

• advancing international cooperation

• reforming international financial institutions: IMF,World

Bank and UN Security Council

• giving spaces to institutional initiatives such as G20,

BRICS Bank, which will open up to the developing world
new resources, experiences and understanding of the
priorities of emerging powers. source: http://finance.workercn.cn;
http://www.usalifeonline.com

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Niu(2013); UNDP and CCIEE(2012):19-23
 3. Emerging powers and global order:
opportunities and challenges

• coordinating a burgeoning plualist

Landscape--issue of Coherence

• promoting institutional diversity in

global governance to make it more
inclusive and coherence, which will
cover issues including economic
liberalisation, technological diffusion,
intellectual authority, SE4ALL-global
governance in Action, and High-Level
Panel Report on Post 2015-MDGs
Agenda

• incorporating ideas of the Global South

source: http://www.china-gad.org

UNDP and CCIEE(2012):25-28

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 3. Emerging powers and global order:
opportunities and challenges

• Trilateral cooperation
• China-DAC Study Group
• New spaces and denser networks linking DAC and non-DAC donors – e.g. G20
DWG
• Denser networks linking researchers from rising powers and “submerging powers”
– e.g. RCUK China office
• New spaces and denser networks linking researchers from different rising powers
– e.g. BRICS Academic Forum
• Official recognition of the importance of mutual learning based on first-hand
experience – e.g. BRICS Ministerials
• Donor agencies from “submerging powers” finding ways to support mutual
learning – e.g. DFID Beijing support for CIDRN and DFID Global Partnerships
Department support for IDS Rising Powers in International Development
programme
Source: Alex Shankland (2013): presentation in CIDRN Public Lecture, July

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 Components of the IDS Rising Powers in
What is it?
International Development programme
Learning from the Rising
Powers (SIAs, meetings)
Global development
cooperation spaces study

BRICS countries “State of

the Debate” studies
BRICS Africa footprint
studies
Development Studies
Learning Partnership

China and Brazil in

African Agriculture study
Political Economy of Low-
Carbon Transitions Study

Source: Shankland (2013)

 3. Emerging powers and global order:
opportunities and challenges

• Case analysis on the differences and convergence of the

emerging powers and established countries in terms of their
conceptions and practitions.

• e.g.
Paper 1: Li Xiaoyun and Richard Carey (2013). The BRICS
development agenda and the international development system:
Challenges and convergence. Draft for IDS discussion paper

paper 2: Gu J, Humphrey J, Messner D. Global governance and

developing countries: the implications of the rise of China[J]. World
Development, 2008, 36(2): 274-292.

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 If time permits

Story telling:

• from NIEO (New

International Economic
Order) to BRICS Bank;

• from G7/8 to G20.

source: http://qichebolan.dooland.com

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