PLANNING

WHAT IS PLANNING?
 Planning is the most fundamental function of
management.

 It is deciding in advance what to do, how to

do it, when to do it and who is to do it.

 Planning is the determination of courses of

action to achieve the desired results. It
involves anticipation of future course of
events and choosing the best course of action.
NATURE OF PLANNING
 Planning is a continuous process.

 Planning concerns all managers.

 Plans are arranged in a hierarchy.

 Planning commits an organization to the

future.

 Planning is antithesis of status-quo.

OBJECTIVES AND
SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANNING

 Makes for purposeful and orderly

activities.

 Points out need for future change.

 Answer “what if” questions.

 Provides a basis for control.

OBJECTIVES AND
SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANNING

 Encourages achievement.

 Compels visualization of entirety.

 Increases and balances utilization of

facilities.

 Assists manager in gaining status.

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
 Principle of purpose

 Principle of pervasiveness

 Principle of limiting factors

 Principle of flexibility

 Principle of navigational change

TYPES OF PLANS
 Hierarchical plans

 Frequency of use plans

 Time frame plans

 Organization scope plans

 Contingency plans
PROCESS OF PLANNING
 Establishment of objectives.

 Assessment of
environment.

 Premising and forecasting.

 Review of key factors.

PROCESS OF PLANNING

 Development of alternative plans.

 Evaluation of alternative plans.

 Selection of suitable plan.

 Laying down of derivative plans.

ADVANTAGES OF PLANNING

 Reduction of uncertainty

 Concentration on objectives

 Coordination

 Economy in operation
ADVANTAGES OF PLANNING

 Facilitation of control

 Encouragement to innovation

 Increase in competitive strength

LIMITATIONS OF PLANNING

 Lack of accurate information

 Lack of accurate forecasts

 Complex process

 Rigidities

 Lack of specific goals

LIMITATIONS OF PLANNING

 Lack of planning skills

 Resistance to change

 Lack of participation

 Psychological factors

 External factors
MAKING PLANNING
EFFECTIVE
 Strengthening information system

 Improving planning premises

 Developing accurate forecasts

 Setting clear-cut objectives

 Introducing flexibility
MAKING PLANNING
EFFECTIVE

 Forward approach

 Reducing resistance
CONCLUSION
 Planning is the process through which
managers establish goals and detail how these
goals are attained.

 Planning reduce uncertainty and risk , focus

attention on Goals, and enhance
understanding of the external Environment.

 Thus , planning is the most important and

pervasive process in management.