Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Surveying Equipment
Surveying Equipment
Surveying Equipment
Prepared By:
Patel Akash P.130400106042
Patel Bhavesh D.130400106045
2
Modern Chains
Modern surveying chains are three standard types.
Fully graduated
3
Reading Surveying Steel Chain
• Knowing that the chain is 100 feet long, having numbers from 0 to
100 indicates that each number is one foot of distance.
• Each foot has nine (9) lines (10 spaces), therefore each line
represents 1/10 or 0.10 of a foot.
• The reading for this example is 98.6 ft.
4
Reading A Cut Chain
The first foot or cut chain gets its name from the fact that the whole foot
reading at the head of the chain must be reduced “cut” by the partial foot.
In this example the pin at the head is on 99 feet and the rear pin is
on 0.4 feet. The distance is 99 - 0.4 or 98.6 feet.
5
Reading An Add Chain
• The partial foot is added to the foot value at the head of the
chain.
• In this example the head pin is on 99 feet an the rear pin is at
0.7 feet. The distance is 99 + 0.7 or 99.7 ft.
6
Steel chain on holder
To rewind chain on holder:
7
Odometer Wheel
Insure you know the
measuring units before you
start to use the wheel.
Odometer wheels use
different units on the
odometers.
8
Range finder
9
Range finder - EDM
10
Principles of EDM
Distance
Velocity = Distance = Velocity x Time
Time
11
Range finder--Optical
Optical range finders are also OPTICAL RANGE FINDER
available.
Optical range finders use lenses,
mirrors and principles of trig to
determine distance.
12
Hand level
This is the simplest type of hand
level.
It is useful for estimating slope &
elevation changes.
13
Rod 7.04
6.15
14
Rod with Target
15
Dumpy (Wye) Level
16
Leveling a four (4) legged
instrument
17
Automatic Level
These levels are called automatic because the level will complete
the leveling process once it is close to level.
18
Laser Level
19
Total Station
20
Transit
Transits are the most
versatile mechanical
instrument.
They are also the most
complicated.
Most have been supplanted
by total stations.
21
Angle scale with Vernier
Main scale reading
Vernier scale
Line of coincident
Mechanical instruments use Vernier scales to improve the precision of
the instrument.
The Vernier scale divides the last unit on the main scale into another
set of fractional parts.
The main scale is read at the zero (0) on the Vernier scale.
22
Double Vernier Scale
Rotation
23
Rocking the rod
24
Additional Equipment
Plumb
Bob
Surveyors
nail
Range
pole
25