A SEMINAR ON NC MACHINE

BY
T.SAI TEJA
2451-19-765-003
 INDEX
1.ABSTRACT
2.INTRODUCTION
3.BASIC ELEMENTS OF NC MACHINE
4.TYPES OF NC MACHINES
5.STEPS INVOLVED IN NC MACHINES
6.ADVANTAGES
7.LIMITATIONS
8.APPLICATIONS
 ABSTRACT
1.Numerical control (also computer numerical control, and commonly called CNC)
is the automated control of machining tools (drills, boring tools, lathes) and 3D
printers by means of a computer. A CNC machine processes a piece of material
(metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to meet specifications by following a
coded programmed instruction and without a manual operator.
 INTRODUCTION-
1. Numerically controlled (NC) Machine tool are the machine tool of which
the various function are controlled by Letters, numbers and symbols
2. Nc machine tools run on programme fed to it, without human operator
3. The first nc machine was built in 1940.
 FUNCTIONS OF NC MACHINE-
1.starting and stopping of the Machine tool
2.Controlling the spindle speed
3.Positioning the tool at desired location and guiding it along the desired path
4.Controlling the feed rate
5.Changing the tool
ELEMENTS OF NC MACHINE-
ELEMENTS OF NC MACHINE-
Part Programming-
1.Part programme is set of step by step instruction to the machine tool for
carrying out the operation.
2.Part program is written by using part Drawing and cutting process parameter
3.The set of instruction includes
• Instruction position of machine tool spindle with respect to the work table
• Instruction for cutting operation
• Instruction for selection of spindle speed, cutting tool etc.
Method of Part Programing
I. Manual Part programming
II. Computer aided Part programming
PROGRAMME TAPE-
1.Part programme is entered on the programme tap
2.The tape is a long wound roll of the one inch with.
3.The programme is entered on the tape in the form of punched holes
holes punched with the help of punching machine.
4.Now a day punch line tape is replaced with magnetic cassetes ,floppy
disc , pen drive , hard drive
MACHINE CONTROL UNIT-
1.MCU is heart of NC/CNC machine which consist of some electronics
hardware that read the NC programme , interpret it and conversely
translates it for mechanical action of machine tool
A typical MCU consist following units
1.Input or tape reader
2.memory
3.processor
4.output channels
5.control panel
6.feedback channels
MCU PERFORMS FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS-
1.read coded instruction
2.Decode coded instruction
3.implement interpolation (linear ,circular, and Helical ) to generate axis
motion commands
4. feed axis motion command to amplified circuits for driving the axis
mechanism Received the signals of position and speed for each drive axis
5. implement auxiliary control function such as coolant or spindle on/off , and
tool change .
MACHINE UNIT-
1.The Machine tool is operated by MCU
2.following function may automated by Machine tool
• starting and stopping of the machine tool spindle
• controlling the spindle speed
• Positioning of tool tip at desires locations and guiding it along the
desired path by
• automatic control of the slide motion
• Controlling the feed rate
• Changing the tool
DIFFERENT TYPES USED IN NC MACHINE-
1.1.According to control loop feedback system
(a)Open loop type Nc Machine
• This type of control have only motion control without feedback
mechanism
• Ex: drilling Machine
(B) Close loop type Nc Machine-
1.This type of control have motion control with feed back mechanism
2.The close loop system have feedback mechanism which can accurately
controlling the drive system.
3. Feedback is measured by monitoring device to determine the drive
displacement.
2.ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF TOOL MOTION-
1)Point to point NC Machine
• PTP is simplest of all control mode
•In this type movement of cutting tool moves from one Predefined
position to another Predefined Position .
•Specially used in local position base
operation i.e: drilling ,punching or welding B

X
(2) Straight cut NC machine
• It is extension of point to point control mode with provision of
straight line cut or machining
• This straight line cut is obtained by controlling the movement of
tool with controlled feed rate in one of the axis direction at time
• Ex: face milling ,pocket milling , stepped turning
3.Continuous path control NC Machine
• Used for continuous simulation and coordinate motion of cutting tool and
work piece along different AXES
• Such control enable for machining of different contorting profile and curved
surface
Types of Continuous path control NC Machine
I. Two axes contouring
II. Two and half axes contouring
III. Three axes contouring
IV. Multi – axes countering
3.ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF PROGRAMMING
Why programming needed ?
•For preparing programme ,it is necessary to specify the path tool
movement .
•Therefore a geometric data of a component is converted in to machine
understandable programme.
•Which gives specific path to tool on workpiece.
•Programing is the bridge between machine and humans.
Types of Programming method
a.Absolute programming NC machine system
b.Incremental Programming NC Machine system
Absolute programming NC machine system
•In absolute Programing system each point is always start
from same specific point.
•In this method first point (ZERO POINT or REFRENCE
POINT ) is fixed.
•All Process Start from same reference point
Point X Coordinator Y Coordinator

P1 10 10

34 P2 25 20
20
1
0 10
25 P3 40 34
40
Incremental programming NC machine system
•In incremental Programing system each point is specified using the path
differential from the preceding point position.
•In this method first point (ZERO POINT or REFRENCE POINT ) is last
point of previous path.
•Process Start from different reference point
Point X Coordinator Y Coordinator

P1 10 10

14 P2 15 10

10 P3 15 14

10
10 15 15
STEPS IN NC MANUFACTURING
1.Process Planning
The decision are made about selection of manufacturing operation , their
Sequence ,machine Requirement and tooling requirements. With the use of
part drawing , data about machine tooling ,etc.
2.Part Programming
For converting the sequence sheet of various machine operation,
understandable syntaxes and various control commands for machines so that
machine perform exactly the way program
3.Coding of part program on suitable medium
part program converted into machine readable coding using tape punching
machine
4.Part Program Testing And Validation
The accuracy of part programming is tested and modified by using the dry
run on NC Machine , and then print is taken of tool path for validation
5.NC Machining With Tool Pre-setting
once testing and validation of part programme is done operator adjust NC
Machine with required tool for final batch production
ADVANTAGES
1.Greater machine use
2.Complex machine operation
3.High degree of accuracy
4.Less inspection required
5.Reduction of scrap and wastage
6.Reduction lead time for production
7..Lower tooling cost
8.Reduction of human error
9.Greater operation safety
10.Greater operator efficiency
LIMITATIONS
1.High initial cost
2.High maintenance cost
3.High operation cost
4.Limited life of punching tapes
5.Limited consuming punching tape preparation
APPLICATIONS
• NC lathe and turning
• NC Milling .boring , drilling and Machining center
• NC welding and Arc cutting machine
• NC sawing Machine
CONCLUSION
CNC is a very popular method of creating parts. These
machines offer extreme precision at a fast rate. CNC
machines are very complex and being able to efficiently
operate one takes much time and practice. Although most
of the codes are similar, CNC machines are different
from model to model. CNC milling is not easy at first but
mastery of it allows you to create a plethora of usable
parts in a very short time frame.