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Briquette
Briquette
Briquette
Gases, Liquids,
and Solids
Chapter 7
Table of Contents
7.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
7.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory and Physical States
7.3 Gas Law Variables
7.4 Boyle’s Law: A Pressure-Volume Relationship
7.5 Charles’s Law: A Temperature-Volume Relationship
7.6 The Combined Gas Law
7.7 The Ideal Gas Law
7.8 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
7.9 Changes of State
7.10 Evaporation of Liquids
7.11 Vapor Pressure of Liquids
7.12 Boiling and Boiling Point
7.13 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids
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Section 7.1
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
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Compressibility
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Thermal Expansion
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Solid
• The physical state characterized by a
dominance of potential energy (cohesive
forces) over kinetic energy (disruptive
forces).
• Particles in a solid are drawn close
together in a regular pattern by the strong
cohesive forces present.
• Each particle occupies a fixed position,
about which it vibrates because of
disruptive kinetic energy.
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Solid
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High Density
• The constituent particles of solids are
located as close together as possible
(touching each other). Therefore, a given
volume contains large numbers of
particles, resulting in a high density.
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Small Compressibility
• Because there is very little space between
particles, increased pressure cannot push
the particles any closer together;
therefore, it has little effect on the solid’s
volume.
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Liquid
• The physical state characterized by
potential energy (cohesive forces) and
kinetic energy (disruptive forces) of about
the same magnitude.
• Particles that are randomly packed but
relatively near one another.
• The molecules are in constant, random
motion; they slide freely over one another
but do not move with enough energy to
separate.
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Liquid
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High Density
• The particles in a liquid are not widely
separated; they are still touching one
another. Therefore, there will be a large
number of particles in a given volume – a
high density.
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Small Compressibility
• Because the particles in a liquid are still
touching each other, there is very little
empty space. Therefore, an increase in
pressure cannot squeeze the particles
much closer together.
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Gas
• The physical state characterized by a
complete dominance of kinetic energy
(disruptive forces) over potential energy
(cohesive forces).
• Attractive forces among particles are very
weak and are considered to be zero.
• The particles move essentially
independently of one another in a totally
random manner.
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Gas
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Low Density
• The particles are widely separated. There
are relatively few particles in a given
volume, which means little mass per
volume.
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Large Compressibility
• A gas is mostly empty space. When
pressure is applied, the particles are
easily pushed closer together, decreasing
the amount of empty space and the
volume of the gas.
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Gas Law
• A generalization that describes in
mathematical terms the relationships
among the amount, pressure,
temperature, and volume of a gas.
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Pressure
force
Pr essure =
area
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Pressure of a Gas
• The force that creates pressure is that
which is exerted by the gas molecules or
atoms as they constantly collide with the
walls of their container.
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Barometer
• A device used to measure atmospheric
pressure.
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Barometer
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Boyle’s Law
• Pressure and volume are inversely related
(constant T, temperature, and n, # of
moles).
P1 V1 = P2 V2
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Boyle’s Law
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Exercise
P1 V1 = P2 V2
(0.956 atm)(12.4 L) = (1.20 atm)(V2 )
V2 = 9.88 L
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Charles’s Law
• Volume and temperature (in Kelvin) are
directly related (constant P and n).
• K = °C + 273
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
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Charles’s Law
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Exercise
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
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Exercise
PV = nRT
(where R = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K`
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Exercise
PV = nRT
(2.18 atm)(25.0 L) = n(0.0821 L atm/mol K)(23+273 K)
n = 2.24 mol
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Exercise
PV = nRT
5.670 1000
(P)(304.0 L) = (0.0821 L atm/mol K)(25+273)
4.003
n = 114 atm
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Exercise
2.00 atm
3.00 atm
9.00 L
3.00 L
2.25 atm
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• Freezing
• Melting
• Evaporation
• Condensation
• Sublimation
• Deposition
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Two Categories
1. Endothermic change of state – change of
state in which heat energy is absorbed.
– Melting
– Sublimation
– Evaporation
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Two Categories
2. Exothermic change of state – change of
state in which heat energy is given off.
– Freezing
– Condensation
– Deposition
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Rate of Evaporation
• Increased surface area results in an
increased evaporation rate because a
greater fraction of the total molecules are on
the surface (so they are not completely
surrounded by other molecules with
attractive forces).
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Rate of Evaporation
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Equilibrium
• A condition in which two opposite processes
take place at the same rate.
• No net macroscopic changes can be detected,
but the system is dynamic.
• Forward and reverse processes are occurring at
equal rates.
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Vapor Pressure
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Vapor Pressure
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Vapor Pressure
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Boiling
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Boiling
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Boiling Point
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Concept Check
1 atm
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Intramolecular Forces
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Intermolecular Force
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• Dipole-dipole interactions
• Hydrogen bonds
• London forces
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Dipole-Dipole Interactions
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Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Between ClF Molecules
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Dipole-Dipole Interactions
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Two Factors
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Hydrogen Bonding
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London Forces
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London Forces
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Concept Check
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Concept Check
N2 H2O
Explain.
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Concept Check
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Concept Check
CO or N2
Why?
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