Global City

Chapter 15
Concept of Urbanization

U rbanization
Is defined as the process of gradual
shift from agricultural society to the
industrial society coupled with a wide
access to information, government and
other social institutions, means of
transportation, and other manifestation of
a city or urban life.
Concept of Urbanization

U rbanization
It means the process or
rate of concentration or
migration of population in a
particular area.
Concept of Urbanization
Tempo of Urbanization

Is defined as the speed or urbanization

which shows the rate of change brought
about by the urbanization.
The tempo is measured by calculating
the percentage of population in urban
areas, which is calculated on the basis of
annual population growth rate.
Concept of Urbanization
According to the World Cities Report (2016), more than half
of the world’s population today already resides in urban
areas.
Cities create wealth, generate employment and drive
human progress by harnessing the forces of agglomeration
and industrialization (ibid., 2016:1).
Between 1990-2000, the early average of urban dwellers is
estimated at 57 million.
Between 2010-2015 however, it rose to an average of 77
million yearly (ibid., 2016:6)
 Concept of Urbanization
Figure 15.1: Urban Population at Mid- year (1995-2015)

Ocenia Asia has by far the

highest number of
North America
people living in urban
Europe areas. This perhaps
Latin America and the Caribbean expected considering
that Asia is the home of
Asia
2.11 billion population.
Africa Following Asia are
Europe, Africa and Latin
World
America.
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000

1995 2015

(Source: World Cities Report, 2016:6)

 Region/ Area Rate of Change or Urban Population

World 2.16%

High Income Countries 0.88%

Middle Income Countries 2.63% Table 15.1: Rate
Lo Income Countries 3.68% of Change or
Urban Migration,
Africa 3.44% 1995-2015
Asia 2.78%
Latin America and the Caribbean 1.74
Source: World Cities Report, 2016:7

Europe 0.31%
North America 1.24%
Oceania 1.53%
Concept of Urbanization
Large cities are those with 5 to 10 million
inhabitants while megacities are those with
more than 10 million inhabitants.
In 1995, there were only 22 large cities, and
14 megacities.
World Cities Report revealed that “most
megacities are located in developing
countries” and “this trend will continue as
several large cities in Asia, Latin America and
Africa are projected to become megacities by
2030.
 Urban Land Area Pop. Density
Country City Population (Sq. Km) (Per Sq. Km)
(Estimate)
Bangladesh Dhaka 17, 420,000 368 47,400

Somalia Mogadishu 2,590,000 91 28,600

Syria Al-Raqqa 845,000 31 27,200

Table 15.2: 10
Largest Cities
India Surat, GJ 6,200,000 233 26,600
According to
India Mumbai, MH 23,265,000 881 26,400 Urban Population
China Macau 675,000 26 26,100 Density: 2018
China Hong Kong 7,380,000 285 67,100
Source: Demographia (April, 2018).
Demographia World Urban Areas
(PDF) (14th ed.). Archived (PDF),
Congo Tshikapa 810,000 34 24,100 From the original PDF April, 2018.
Retrieved 16 September 2018.

India Vjayawada, AP 1,905,000 80 23,700

India Malegaon, MH 720,000 31 23,200

Concept of Urbanization
 Four largest cities in terms of population comes from
India namely Surat, Mumbai, Vjayawada, and
Malegaon.
 Two of these largest cities come from China namely
Macau, and Hong Kong.
 Dhaka in Bangladesh is the largest city in terms of
concentration of people in urban area, with a
population of 47,400 population per square
kilometer.
 Other largest cities include Mogadishu of Somalia, Al
Raqqa of Syria, and Tshikapa of Congo.
Indicators of Urbanization

Employment
Industrialization
Opportunity
Indicators of Urbanization

Information and Infrastructure

Communication Technology facilities
Indicators of Urbanization

Medical Facilities
Indicators of Urbanization
INDUSTRIALIZATION

Means of proliferation of industries that

are basically non- agricultural in nature,
but surely expansion of establishment.
Indicators of Urbanization
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

Responsible for generating new private

sector jobs.
Indicators of Urbanization
Information and
Communication Technology

Technology is obviously an important tool

to meet the need of the industries and the
mass of people
Indicators of Urbanization
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

Provide efficient social services to urban

dweller to boost economic production.
Indicators of Urbanization
MEDICAL FACILITIES

Everyone has the right to equal access on

health services.
 Who Lives in the City?
Herbert Gans
Is a Sociologist who identified five types
of people who live in the city.

The First three types live in the city by

choice, finding it in a valued sense of
community

The Second group have little choice

about where they live.
Who Lives in the City?

The Cosmopolites

Are the city’s students,

intellectuals, professional, artists, and
entertainers.
Who Lives in the City?

The Singles

Young unmarried people come

to the city seeking jobs and
entertainment.
Who Lives in the City?

The Ethnic Villagers

United by race- ethnicity and

social class, these people live in
tightly knit neighborhoods that
resemble villages and small
towns.
Who Lives in the City?

The Deprived

Blighted neighborhoods more like

urban jungles than urban villages. They
represent the bottom of society in terms
of income, education, social status and
work skills.
Who Lives in the City?

The Trapped

Consist of people who could

not afford to move when their
neighborhood is “invaded” by
other migrant groups.
The Development of Cities
 Cities on a larger scale originated in about
3500 BC about the same writing was
invented.
 Cities appeared in several parts of the
world – first in Mesopotamia (Iraq) and
later in Nile, Indus, and Yellow River
valleys, in West Africa, around
Mediterranean, in Central America, and in
the Andes.

Mesopotamian Cities
The Development of Cities
 The key to the origin of cities is the
development of more efficient Agriculture.
 A City can be defined as a place in which a
large number of people are permanently based
and do not produce their own food.
 The invention of the plow between five and six
thousand years ago created a widespread
agricultural surpluses, stimulating the
development of towns and cities
Mesopotamian Cities
The Development of Cities

 In 1990’s, the number of cities flourished.

The reason is the INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION, which drew people to cities
by providing work.
 It stimulated the invention of mechanical
means of transportation and
communication, and allowed people,
resources, and products to be moved
efficiently.
The Process of Urbanization
In 1800, only 3 percent of the world’s
population lived in the cities. Today, more
than half (54 percent) of the world
population already resides in urban areas.
In 2008, more than half of the world’s
population is living in towns and cities.
By 2030, this number will swell to almost 5
billion, with urban growth concentrated in
Asia and Africa.
The Development of Cities

Metropolis – is a term refers to central

city surrounded by smaller cities and
suburbs. They are connected economically,
sometimes politically through governing
bodies, and socially by transportation and
communication networks.
The Development of Cities

Some metropolis have grown so

large and influential that the term
MEGAPOLIS is used to described
them. This refers to an overlapping
area consisting of at least two
metropolis and their many suburbs.
The Development of Cities
In order to achieve URBAN GROWTH:

Reduced unwanted fertility in both rural

and urban areas
Lowering poverty
Empowering women
Providing quality reproductive health
services all influence fertility preferences.
Multicultural Cities
Multi- Culturalism or Cultural
Pluralism

- Which pertains to a situation where

various ethnic groups converged in a
mixed ethnic community area, resulting
to the existence of multiple cultural
traditions.
Multicultural Cities

Urban abode, have high tolerance and respect for

cultural pluralism. This is highly understandable in the
light of the existing reality and urbanity primarily
coupled with ANONYMITY, where individualism is the
trend, and where social cooperation exists only in areas
that best benefit our society, as it affects oneself.
The Development of Cities
Multicultural city “incorporates ideas, beliefs or people from
many different countries and cultural background (Garcia, 2015).
Multiculturalism appears to be the “coexistence of various races,
religions, or cultural groups manifested in customary behaviors,
styles (ibid).
Countries and cities with high respect to multiple culture are the
more advanced and progressive cities, an indication that
“Openness” to ideas, culture and belief makes a nation a
progressive one.
The Development of Cities
Marcelina Morfin (2018) in her blog CULTURE TRIP, identified 10 most multi-
cultural cities in the world.

 Top in the list is London, the largest city in the United

Kingdom. Estimated that one- third of the Londoners are
foreign born, with people speaking around 200 various
languages other than English.
 Amsterdam, the largest city in the Netherlands that
caters divers population approximately 178 different
cultural backgrounds.
 Country City Global Power City
Ranking
United Kingdom London First

The Netherlands Amsterdam Seventh

USA Los Angeles Table 15.3: 10

Frances Paris Fourth Most
Multicultural
USA New York City Second
Cities in the
USA San Francisco
World, 2018
Brazil Sao Paulo

Singapore Singapore

Australia Sydney Tenth

Canada Toronto
 The Development of Cities
WORLD CLASS CITIES, GLOBAL CITIES AND THE CITIES OF THE UNDERDEVELOPED WORLD

Large Cities – are defined as having

between 5 to 10 million inhabitants
Megacities – are those with 10 million
or more inhabitants (WCR, 2018:7)
Both Large and Megacities are loci of
new socio- political terminologies, the
world class city and the global city.
The Development of Cities
In 2017, the Institute for Urban Strategies at the Mori Memorial Foundation in Tokyo listed the
top ten global power cities based on the 6 categories namely:

 Economy
 Research and Top 10 Global Cities
 Development
 Cultural interaction London Hong Kong
 Environment New York Sydney
 Accessibility Tokyo
Paris
Singapore
Seoul
Amsterdam
Berlin
Figure 15.2: Mapping the 10
Global Power Cities in the
World, 2017
The Development of Cities
Global City
- Is used interchangeably with world
class city or alpha city.
- First used by sociologist Saskia Sassen
in 1991 to mean a city that is heavily
involved in global trade, boosted by
the city’s high financial power and
high technology infrastructure.
The Development of Cities
Global City
- Sassen claims that global city is one that is not
confined only to a specific geographical location.
Instead, a global city is one that has a “geographic
dispersal of economic activities” to states other
than its own.
- “Geographic Dispersal of Economic Activities”-
pertains to companies or corporations where the
flow of capital, labor, goods, raw materials and
tourists operate not only in the place of origin but
also in the place of marketing and/or consumption
or distribution.
The Development of Cities
Global City
- According to Sassen, the birth of Global
City is the contemporary world is the
byproduct “privatization, deregulation,
the opening of the national economies to
foreign firms and the growing
participation of the national economic
actors in the global market.
The Development of Cities
Global City
- Owing to its complex and dispersed functions,
would eventually focus on its central and
specialized functions, thereby compelled to
outsource its other peripheral or non-specialized
functions.
- Is one where global service is being provided
through global networks of affiliates or some other
form of partnership, which in reality, is actually
the beginning of transnational urban system
(Sassen, 2005:27-30
Cities in the Underdeveloped
 Underdeveloped world, also known as low-income
countries, still lag behind in terms of infrastructure,
technology, provision of basic services, and other
indicators or urbanization.
 According to the World Cities Report (2018), the center
of gravity of the urban world is moving to the developing
countries, particularly towards Southeast Asia (WCR,
2018:9).
 Fertility rate is high among to significant increase in the
population, thereby labelling the developing countries as
source of young population in the world.
Cities in the Underdeveloped

Brazil has a ubiquitous slums in its urban

abode
Meanwhile, developing countries in Sub-
Saharan, Africa, Oceania, and South Africa
are still falling behind in terms of water
provision, an indication that “cities have not
been able to keep up with the demands of
the services (ibid.:14-15)”.
Challenges and Issues in Urbanization

 The growth of the slums is the primary challenge in

the urban setting. According to a study in 2001, there
are “924 million people, or 31:6 percent of the total
urban population in the world, lived in the slums
(ibid,:13)”.
 Reasons behind the thickening of the slum areas in the
metropolis is the that, poor migrants “move to low-
income neighborhood often of big cities, and then
later they and their families spread outward and find
opportunities in the more stablishes part of the cities
(ibid.:14)’.
Challenges and Issues in Urbanization

 The provision of adequate basic services and

infrastructure is another challenge in the
continuing pace of urbanization. These basic
social services include transport networks,
water and sanitation connection, electricity,
health, education, and a whole host of other
ancillary services such as street cleaning, the
maintenance of public spaces and parks,
public lighting, archives and cemeteries
(ibid.:14).
Challenges and Issues in Urbanization
3 trends of Basic Social Services to their Urban Dwellers

1. Countries tended to improve the proportion of their urban population

to access basic services.
2. Some countries attempted to find innovative ways of dealing with the
infrastructure challenge through strengthening public management
particularly initiating decentralization to the local governments.
3. Common public services are still very poor.
Challenges and Issues in Urbanization

Climate Change – another equally

pressing issues of the modern cities.
Recent studies reported that between
1950 to 2005, the global carbon
emissions from burning increased by
almost 500 percent.
 Challenges and Issues in Urbanization
Climate Change
The World Cities Report (2018) identified the
factors that cause vulnerability or
invulnerability of cities to Climate Change,
namely:
1. Patterns of Urbanization
2. Economic Development
3. Physical Exposure
4. Urban Planning
5. Disaster Preparedness
 Challenges and Issues in Urbanization
Urban Divide
A major emerging issue. The gap between the rich
and poor is significantly more evident in developing
and developed countries.
Phenomenon of gated communities in urban places
is one of the physical manifestation of increasing level
of inequality, because these communities separate
them from their neighborhood through mechanism such
as selective entry.
Urban Risk and Insecurity
HEALTH RISK
Communicable diseases of all types are related to
inadequate, poor, or inefficient urban infrastructure. The
inability of the city government to provide basic services to the
most number of people appears to putting these people into a
higher health risk.

Ebola fever, SARS, AHIN! And many other communicable diseases

Urban Risk and Insecurity
TERRORISM

High concentration of people are

prone to terrorist attack, devastating
attacks are highly felt. To respond to this
kind of urban risk, states employ
militarization of civil societies as the
immediate solution.
Urban Risk and Insecurity
WAR
Warfare in cities has greater civilian death, it
also means greater casualties in terms of city
infrastructure that eventually cripples the economy
of the attached city. Militarization is the immediate
solution and intensification and privatization of
security and surveillance to counter perpetrators and
initiators of war.
Urban Risk and Insecurity
CYBERCRIME

Is a crime that is committed with the use

and the employment of digital technology.
Hacking and cyberattacks are just few of the
most commonly committed crimes in cyber
technology.
 Urbanization and Development
DEVELOPMENT

 “Is the process that creates growth, progress, positive

change or the addition of physical, economic,
environmental, social and demographic components
(Society for International Development, 2018)”.
 “Rise in the level and quality of life of the population,
and the creation or expansion of local regional income
and employment opportunities, without damaging the
resources of the environment (ibid)”.
 Urbanization and Development
Economic Development

 The most important indicator of development is

economic development which is the “increase in the
value of goods and services produced by a country or
regional economy over time (Chen et al., 2014:1)”.
 The indicators of economic development includes Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and the Level of
Urbanization (ibid). The higher the GDP per capita and
the level of urbanization the higher is the level of
development
 Urbanization and Development
Sustainable Development

 Is defined as the development that “meets

the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of the future generations to meet
their own need (World Cities Report,
2016:38)”.
Urbanization and Development
Urban Development

 Which strives to meet the essential

needs of all, without overstepping
the limitations of the natural
environment.
Urbanization and Development
Factors inducing Economic Growth

1. Urban Concentration They help to stimulate economic

2. Agglomeration growth and development. In other
Economies words, there is an indirect
3. Expansion of built- up relationship between level or
areas urbanization and economic
growth.
For Listening!!!