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4731497
4731497
4731497
CONTROL
MATERIAL SELECTION
ALTERATION OF ENVIRONMENT
PROPER DESIGN
CATHODIC PROTECTION
ANODIC PROTECTION
COATINGS & WRAPPING
(1) MATERIAL SELECTION
(selection of proper material for a
particular corrosive service)
1. Chromium
Minimum concentration of Cr in a
stainless steel is 12-14wt.%
Structure : BCC (ferrite forming element)
Sigma phase
formation which is
initially formed at
grain boundaries has
to be avoided
because it will
increase hardness,
decrease ductility
and notch toughness
as well as reduce
corrosion resistance.
2. Nickel
Molybdenum
Ferritic forming element. Added to increase pitting corrosion
resistance of stainless steel (2-4%).
Molybdenum addition has to be followed by decreasing
chromium concentration (i.e. in 18-8SS has to be decreased
down to 16-18%) and increasing nickel concentration (i.e. has
to be increased up to 10-14%).
Improves mechanical properties of stainless steel at high
temperature. Increase aqueous corrosion resistance of material
exposed in reducing acid.
Tungsten
Is added to increase the strength and toughness of
martensitic stainless steel.
Silicon
Reduce susceptibility of SS to pitting and crevice corrosion
as well as SCC.
Influence of alloying elements on pitting
corrosion resistance of stainless steels
Influence of alloying elements on crevice
corrosion resistance of stainless steels
Influence of alloying elements on SCC
resistance of stainless steels
Five basic types of stainless steels :
Susceptible
Tensile
material
stress
Stress
Corrosive corrosion
Corrosive environment
environment is cracking
often specific to
the alloy system
Typical micro cracks formed during SCC of
sensitized AISI 304 SS
Surface morphology
Example of crack propagation during transgranular stress
corrosion cracking (TGSCC) brass
Example of crack
propagation during
intergranular stress
corrosion cracking
(IGSCC) ASTM A245
carbon steel
Fracture surface of
intergranular SCC on
carbon steel in hot nitric
solution
Fracture surface of
transgranular SCC on
austenitic stainless steel in
hot chloride solution
Fracture surface due Fracture surface due to
to intergranular SCC local stress has reached
its tensile strength value
on the remaining section
Electrochemical effect
Usual region for
TGSCC, mostly is
pitting initiated by pitting
Zone 1
corrosion
(transgranular cracking
propagation needs
cracking passive higher energy)
zones
Zone 2
Usual region for IGSCC,
active SCC usually occurs where
the passive film is
relatively weak
Note that non-susceptible alloy-environment combinations,
will not crack the alloy even if held in one of the potential
zones.
Temperature and solution composition (including pH,
dissolved oxidizers, aggressive ions and inhibitors or
passivators) can modify the anodic polarization behavior to
permit SCC.
Susceptibility to SCC cannot be predicted solely from the
anodic polarization curve.
Models of stress corrosion cracking