CHEMICAL AND

NERVOUS CONTROL
 OBJECTIVES:
Compare and contrast
process in plants,
animals and human:
Chemical and Nervous
Control.
 What is
Nervous System ?
“ The nervous system is the
one responsible for
coordinating the functions
of the other body systems.”
The nervous system
gathers information and
elicits a corresponding
response or reaction to
the stimulus
 TWO MAIN DIVISIONS OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CNS) Central Nervous System
-is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
-Brain is the control center while the Spinal Cord
connects the brain to the other nerves of the body.

(PNS) Peripheral Nervous System

-is composed of nerves that branch out from the
brain and spinal cord to specific body parts and
divided further into somatic and autonomic
nervous system.
-Somatic nervous system controls voluntary body
movements while the Autonomic control
involuntary actions.
CONCEPT MAP OF THE BRAIN
A neuron transmits electrical signals called action
potential or an impulse across the system and lets
a body part responds accordingly.
-the basic structural and functional unit of the
nervous system.

Neurons connects with one another through a

junction called synapse. The moment an action
potential reaches the axon’s terminal, a series of
events will be created leading to sa simulation of
the next neuron.

Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released

which facilitates the transmission of an impulse
across a synapse.
 FOUR BASIC PARTS
OF
NEUTRON
oDendrites
oSoma
oAxon
oAxon Terminal
Dendrites are
several projections
which extends
outward from the
cell body to
receive chemical
signals from the
axon terminals of
the another
neuron
Soma or the body
contains the nucleus
and most organelles
Axon single projection
from soma which carries
the impulse to the axon
terminal. Maybe
envelope by myelin
sheath for faster
conduction of impulse.

Myelin Sheath is a fatty white

substance that surrounds the
axon of some nerve cells,
forming an electrically
insulating layer. It is essential
for the proper functioning of
the nervous system.
Axon Terminal is the very and of a branch of
a nerve’s axon, a long slender nerve fiber
that conducts electrical signals to a nerve
synapse (the gap between nerve cells).
Thank you!
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Endocrine Gland System - chemical
coordination of body functions is mediated
by the endocrine system, composed of
ductless glands that release hormones.
Hormones – hormones are chemical
messengers secreted by a gland and affect
the specific target tissue or organ.

“ The Endocrine and Nervous System

coordinate with each other through series
of feedback mechanism.”
Feedback mechanism – a mechanism or a
signal that tends to initiate ( or accelerate)
or to inhibit ( or slow donw) a process.
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS
o Hypothalamus o Adrenal Gland
o Anterior Pituitary o Pancreas
gland o Kidney
o Parathyroid o Ovaries
Gland o Testes
o Thyroid Gland
 Hypothalamus section of the brain
responsible for the production of
many of the body’s essential
hormones, chemical substances
that help control different cells and
organs. The hormones from the
hypothalamus govern physiologic
function such as temperature
regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep,
mood, sex drive, and the release of
the other hormones within the
body.
Growth-hormone-release hormone – stimulate release of GH from the
pituitary gland
Corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH) - stimulate release of ACTH from
pituitary gland
Thyroid-releasing hormone -stimulate release of TSH thyroid gland
Gonado tropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – stulates trelease of FSH and
LH from pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – promotes reabsorption of h2o by kidneys
Oxytocin –Induces labor and milk release from the mammary glands in
females
Pituitary gland a small
structure at the base of
the brain which
releases a wide variety
of hormones that, in
turn, control the activity
of the body’s other
hormone gland.
Growth Hormones (GH) – Stimulate Growth
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –The function of ACTH is to regulate
levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal
gland.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) –stimulates thyroid gland to secrete
thyroxine
Follicie-stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – involved
in production of sex hormone; regulates menstual cycle in females
Prolactin (PRL) – stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production in
females.
Parathyroid Gland is the back view of Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone –increase blood Ca2+

Thyroid Gland is beside the Larynx and Trachea

Thyroxine –increase metabolic rate, heart rate;
promotes growth.
Adrenal Gland
Epinephrine –produce many effects related to
short-term stress response
Cortisol –produces many effects related to short-
term and long-term responses
Aldosterone –increase reabsorption of Na+ by
kidneys
 Pancreas
Insulin – increase blood
glucose
Glucagon –increase blood
glucose

Kidney
Erythropoietin (EPO) –
increase synthesis of red
blood cells
Vitamin D –decrease blood
Ca2+
Ovaries
Estradiol –regulates
development and
maintenance of secondary
characteristics in females; other
effects
Progesterone –prepares uterus
for pregnancy

Testes
Testosterone – regulates
development and
maintenance of
secondary sex
characteristics in males;
other effect.
TROPISM
o Hormones are chemical
messenger in plants.

o They regulate various

biochemical and physiological
responses that include seed
germination, flowering,
photosynthesis, fruit, ripening and
shoot and root development
 PLANT RESPONSE
o All living things respond to
environmental stimuli primarily to
survive.
o Plants, which are sessile
(stationary) exhibit response to
stimuli such as light, water, touch
and wind.
Responses are important to get
a needed nutrient, survive a
certain condition (such as
extreme weather changes) or
defend itself from, predators and
to reproduce.
The sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, locally
called “ Makahiya”, closes its leaflets once
touched.

The Sunflower moves

towards the direction of the
sun.
The stomata close in response to rapid
loss of water .

The seed of some plants need to be

burned to trigger seed germination.

Germination refers to the process by which an

organism grows from a seed or a spore.
Recent studies also show that some
plants can release chemical that act as
defense mechanisms against pathogen
and predators and warn nearby plants
to prepare for an impending attack.

Is a biological mechanism that enables

plant move toward (positive tropism) the
source of a stimulus.
The roots grow underground because
they usually move toward the source
water and the center of gravity.

The leaves usually grow above ground

where they absorb sunlight.
THANK
YOU!!!