Elements of Prose

a.k.a.- The parts of a story

 Prose
 There are 2 types of writing:
 prose- anything that is NOT poetry or plays
 poetry

 Prose is divided into 2 categories:

 short story
 novel
 Short Story
 Definition: Fictional story that can be read in
one sitting.
 Example: “A Rose for Emily,” “The Cask
of Amontillado,” or “The Most Dangerous
Game”
 Novel
 Definition: A long prose narrative that must
be read in many sittings.
 Example: To Kill a Mockingbird, The Scarlet
Letter, or The Great Gatsby
 Elements of Fiction
 Plot
 Character
 Setting
 Point of View
 Theme
 Irony
 Symbol
 a. Character: Revealing Human
Nature
 Character- A person or
being in a story that
performs the action of
the plot.

 Characterization: The
process of revealing the
personality of a
character in a story.
 Steps to the Characterization
Process
 A writer can reveal a character in the following ways:
1. Letting us hear the character speak
2. Describing how the character looks & dresses
3. Letting us listen to the character’s inner thoughts and
feelings
4. Revealing what other characters in the story think or
say about the character
5. Showing us what the character does – how he or she
acts

*These call on the reader to take the information he or she is

given to interpret for himself/herself the kind of
character he or she is reading about. This is called
INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
 Steps to the Characterization
Process
6. Telling us directly what the character’s
personality is like: cruel, sneaky, brace, etc.
Ex. “You’re a mean one, Mr. Grinch…”

This is called DIRECT

CHARACTERIZATION
 Types of Characters
 Round Character:
 Is a dynamic character who recognize changes in
the circumstances
 Is a fully developed many character, with many
traits – bad and good – shown in the story
 Example- Ebenezer Scrooge, the Grinch
 Flat Character
 Also known as the stock or the stereotype
character who does not grow and develop.
 A flat character is not fully developed.
 Others:
 Protagonist: The main character of the story.
 Can be good or evil

 Antagonist: The character or force that comes

into conflict with the protagonist
 Can be another person, an animal, a force of
nature, society, the character’s own conscience,
etc.
3. Deuteroganist – second in importance
This person can be either with, or against the
protagonist—thus sometimes pulling double
duty as a major antagonist or rival to the
protagonist; though they are rarely the main
"villain"
4. Fringe – one who is destroyed by his inner
conflict
5. Typical or minor characters
 b. Setting
 Definition: The time and location in which
the story takes place
 Setting
 Purpose of Setting
1. Gives background information
2. Provides conflict
- Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Society
3. Can reveal a lot about someone’s character
4. Provides mood or atmosphere
- Mood- the feeling WE get when we read a
story
5. Can paint images for the reader
- Images – words that call forth the 5 senses
 d. Conflict
 Definition- It exists when a character is struggling
with something or someone
- Could be a number of things:
- Another person, an animal,
- an inanimate object- a rock, the weather
- The character’s own personality
 External Conflict
External Conflict- caused by something OUTSIDE
the character
- Example: an another character, a river,
weather, society
- Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, Man vs.
Society
 Internal Conflict
Internal Conflict- Character struggles with some
personal quality that is causing trouble
- Example: vanity, pride, selfishness, grief
- Man vs. Self
 Interpersonal Conflict
 Pits the protagonist against someone else
 Person – against – person
Man vs another
 d. Plot
 The “framework” or “skeleton” of the story;
 A series of related events that are linked
together
1. Narrative Order – the sequence
of events
 Chronological – the most common type of
narrative order in children’s books.
 Flashback – occurs when the author
narrates an event that took place before
the current time of the story.
 Time lapse – occurs when the story skips
a period of time that seems unusual
compared to the rest of the plot.
 What Makes Up Plot?
1. Basic Situation
(Exposition)
- Tells the audience who the
characters are, the time ,
place, setting and
introduces the conflict

- Example: “Every Who

Down in Who-ville
Liked Christmas
a lot...”
 What Makes Up Plot?
2. Rising Action “But the Grinch,
Who lived just North of
(Complication) Who-ville,
Did NOT!
Unfolds the problems The Grinch hated
Christmas! The whole
and struggles that Christmas season!
would be encountered Now, please don't ask why.
No one quite knows the
by the main characters reason.
leading to the crisis
 What Makes Up Plot?
3. Climax: (result of the crisis) part where the problem
or the conflict is the highest peak of interest; the
highest point of the story for the reader, frequently, is
the highest moment of interest and greatest motion;
also known as the crisis or the point of no return.
 Example: “And the Grinch, with his grinch-feet ice-cold in the
snow,
Stood puzzling and puzzling: "How could it be so?
It came without ribbons! It came without tags!
"It came without packages, boxes or bags!"
And he puzzled three hours, `till his puzzler was sore.
Then the Grinch thought of something he hadn't before!
"Maybe Christmas," he thought, "doesn't come from a store.
"Maybe Christmas...perhaps...means a little bit more!"
 What Makes Up Plot?
4. Falling Action: (Denouement)
is the untying of the entangled knots, or the
part that shows a conflict or a problem is
solved, leading to its downwards movement
or end.
 Example:
And what happened then...?
Well...in Who-ville they say
That the Grinch's small heart
Grew three sizes that day!
 What Makes Up Plot?
 Resolution: (End) contains the last statements
about the story

Example: “He whizzed with his load through the

bright morning light
And he brought back the toys! And the food for the
feast!
And he......HE HIMSELF...!
The Grinch carved the roast beast!”
 Freytag’s Pyramid
 Gustav Freytag was a Nineteenth Century German novelist
who saw common patterns in the plots of stories and novels
and developed a diagram to analyze them. He diagrammed a
story's plot using a pyramid like the one shown here:
 Qualities of the Plot
1. Exciting – it should be more exciting than
the everyday reality that surrounds us.
2. Good Structure – the episodes must be
arranged effectively, but the most
important element of plot structure is
tying all the incidents together, so that
one leads naturally to another.
 Plot Devices
1. Flashback – something out of
chronological , to reveal information, to
understand a character’s nature.
2. Foreshadowing – a device to give a sign
of something to come its purpose is to
create suspense, to keep the readers
guessing what will happen next.
3. Suspense – this is the feeling of
excitement or tension in the reader’s
experiences as the action of the plot
unfolds.
4. Suspense Ending – this is an ending that
catches the reader off guard with an
unexpected turn of events.
5. In Media Res – the technique of
beginning a story in the middle of the
action, with background information given
later in flashbacks.
 e. Point of View
 Definition: The direction from which the
writer has chosen to tell the story
 There are 3 Points of View
1. First Person: One of the characters tells the
story; talks directly to the reader’. He/she
could be a participant or a character in his
own work; the narrator may be the
protagonist, an observer, a minor character,
or the writer himself.
- Uses the pronoun “I,” “me,” “we,” or “us”
 There are 3 Points of View

1. Third Person Limited: The narrator will

focus on the thoughts & feelings of just one
character
- Reader experiences the events of the story through
the memory and senses of only one character
 There are 3 Points of View
3. Third-Person Omniscient- “All-knowing”
- An all-knowing narrator who refers to all
the characters as “he” and “she.” Knows the
thoughts and feelings of ALL of the
characters.

*The narrator is not necessarily the story’s

author*
 Mood
The atmosphere or emotion the reader gets
upon reading the text
 Theme
 Definition: The insight about human life that
is revealed in a literary work. The “golden
thread” woven throughout the story.

-The theme is what the author is saying through the

story (it’s a deeper truth about reality)
- The plot how he says it : it is the story he uses to
get this point across
 Suspense
 Definition: Anxiety WE feel about what
is going to happen next in the story
 Parody
 Definition: The imitation of a work of
literature, art, or music for amusement or
instruction
 Satire
 Definition: A kind of writing that ridicules
human weakness, vice, or folly in order to
bring about social reform.
 Example: Political cartoons, “A Modest Proposal”
 Irony
 Definition: An “unexpected twist” in a story
- 3 Types of Irony:
1. Verbal: Someone says one thing but
means another
- also known as sarcasm

-Example: If a woman walks into a job

interview and she is sloppily dressed
with only two teeth in her head and the
interview says, “You have a beautiful
smile!”
 Irony
2. Situational: When a reader expects one
thing to happen and the opposite occurs
- Example- Everyone knows the sad irony in “Richard
Cory.” Why would someone so successful and rich
be so unhappy as to kill himself? In a wonderfully
ironic letter, George Bernard Shaw celebrates his
mother’s death and cremation. Charles Dickens’
character Mr. McChoakumchild is
anything but a teacher.
 Irony
3. Dramatic: When the character in a
play thinks one thing is true, but the
audience knows better. The audience
has inside information that a character
does not.
- This information usually comes in the
form of an aside or a soliloquy.

- Example: In Romeo and Juliet,

Romeo says that his “grave is like to be
his wedding bed.” Little does he know
that his marriage will be the cause of
his untimely death. We as an audience
knows because we heard the prologue
at the beginning of the play.
 Soliloquy
 Definition: A character stands alone on stage
and addresses the world (audience), giving
voice to his innermost thoughts and feelings.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
- Example: To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury
Signifying nothing." — Macbeth (Act 5, Scene 5, lines
17-28)
 Aside
Time, thou anticipatest my dread
 Definition: Words that are
“The flighty purpose never is
spoken by a character in a
play to the audience only or
to another character only.
They are not supposed to be
overheard by others on
stage. It is meant to let
someone in on a secret or
for a character to give
personal comments about
current events in the play.
exploits.
o'ertook
Unless the deed go with it.
From this moment
The very firstlings of my
heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand.
And even now,
To crown my thoughts with
acts, be it thought and done:
The castle of Macduff I will
surprise,
Seize upon Fife, give to the
edge o' the sword
His wife, his babes, and all
unfortunate souls
That trace him in his line. ”
 More Elements of Prose
 Tone: The attitude the writer takes toward the
subject of a work, the characters in it, or the
audience.

 “I am getting married”
 Tone Example
 “The Author To Her Book”
Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble
brain,
Who after birth did'st by my side remain,
Till snatcht from thence by friends, less
wise than true,
Who thee abroad exposed to public view,
Made thee in rags, halting to th' press to
trudge,
Where errors were not lessened (all may
judge).
At thy return my blushing was not small,
My rambling brat (in print) should
mother call.
I cast thee by as one unfit for light,
The visage was so irksome in my sight,
Yet being mine own, at length affection
would
Thy blemishes amend, if so I could.
I washed thy face, but more defects I
saw,
And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw.
I stretcht thy joints to make thee even
feet,
Yet still thou run'st more hobbling than is
meet.
In better dress to trim thee was my mind,
But nought save home-spun cloth, i' th'
house I find.
In this array, 'mongst vulgars may'st thou
roam.
In critic's hands, beware thou dost not
come,
And take thy way where yet thou art not
known.
If for thy father askt, say, thou hadst
none;
And for thy mother, she alas is poor,
Which caused her thus to send thee out
of door.
 Denotation/Connotation
 Denotation: Dictionary
definition of a word
- Example: Mom-Female
individual who gives
birth and physical care to
her offspring.

 Connotation: Feelings
people get from hearing or
reading a particular word
- Example: Mom-Hug,
loving, caring, dries tears,
role model
 Denotation/Connotation
 Dog-
 Denotation: Domesticated, 4-legged canine
 Connotation: Smelly, fluffy, man’s best friend
playful, loyal, protective
 Denotation/Connotation
 Fair-
 Denotation: Amusement park
which travels; also includes
agricultural exhibits
 Connotation: fun, food,
crowded, smelly, carnies