“NO MAN IS AN ISLAND.

”
SOCIOLOGY
AS A
SCIENCE
-tries to analyze and
explain the patterns of
group life and discover
the basic structure of
human society and the
forces that lead to
social change.
SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

ANTHROPOLOGY

HUMANITIES GEOGRAPHY

SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY
HISTORY

POLITICAL
ECONOMICS
SCIENCE
SOCIOLOGY
• A science that studies human behavior in a societal level, personal level and global level.
• It's goal is to understand human behavior as this occurs in social life.
• Sociology focuses on, and emphasizes the different aspects and varities of human
behavior, while the other social sciences study only particular areas of human behavior.
 ANTHROPOLOGY
• It is a scientific study of human behavior and socities in the past and present.
• There are two main divisions in anthropogy; Physical (biological) and cultural (social)
anthropology.
• PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - it stresses the biological sciences and focuses on the
origins and evolutionary aspects of human being as well as their characteristics.
• CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - concerned with the study of total socities and include
systems, beliefs, customs, languages, politics and many other related topics.
GEOGRAPHY
• Originated from the Greek word geographia, meaning earth description
• Subinterests
• Physical geography – study of land and water features and natural forces.
• Mathematical geography – deals with the size, shape and movement of the earth and
the heavenly bodies.
• Geomorphology or Physiography – explains the origin and development of landforms
• Climatoogy – studies weather conditions.
• Human geography – the study of the way human beings live
• Economic geography – how people make a living.
• Urban geography – cities and towns
• Political geography – influence of the nation, national and international relations
GEOGRAPHY
• Systematic geography – keeps the entire world in view while investigating a single
element.
• Regional geography – focuses attention on a particular region.
PSYCHOLOGY
- Study of HUMAN BEHAVIOR

The way which someone

conducts oneself or behaves;
-ACTIONS

- -Concern about HUMAN PERSONALITY and its DEVELOPMENT

BRANCHES

- -SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
ECONOMICS
- Study of ECONOMIC LIFE OF HUMAN BEINGS

GROSS NATIONAL
PRODUCTION PRODUCT, INCOME,
DISTRIBUTION SAVINGS AND CREDIT,
CONSUMPTION INVESTMENTS, ET
Of WEALTH

•EXAMPLE:
- HOW DO PEOPLE BELONGING TO DIFFERENT SOCIAL STRATA BEHAVE IN A
GROUP.
PSYCHOLOGY
- Study of POLITICAL BEHAVIOR OF HUMAN BEINGS

POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICAL PARTIES

HISTORY
• History – the study of the chronology of
significant events, people and places in the past.
• Explains the continues resistance of Muslims in
Mindanao because basically Philippines is an
Islamic country.
HUMANITIES
• Humanities – focuses on human subjectivity and
dramatizes individual experiences.
• Contains records of man’s experiences, achievements,
ideas and goals.
• In the process, man recognizes his essential worth and
value as a part of the community.
• As society evolves, the way that a man expresses also
evolves.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
• Era of Enlightenment
HENRI SAINT-SIMON AUGUSTE COMTE
 FORERUNNERS
OF SOCIOLOGY
• The Father of Sociology
• Used the scientific method to
identify what holds society together
(positivism)
• His main sociological theory was
the law of three stages, which
held that all human societies and
all forms of human knowledge
evolve through three distinct stages
from primitive to advanced: the
theological, the metaphysical, and
the positive.
 Harriet
martineau
• First woman sociologist
• She observed British and American social
practices and customs
• An early advocate of women’s liberation
• Interested in religious tolerance and
emancipation of slaves
• Her sociological opinions of society looked at
marriage, children, and race relations
 Herbert Spencer
• His aim was to enable people to understand
society better
• Emphasized the Darwinian notions of natural
selection and the survival of the fittest in his
analysis of human societal evolution.
• Major focus of sociology should be social evolution
rather than the suggestion and implementation of
strategies for social improvement.
EMILE DURKHEIM
• Behavior must be understood and comprehended
within a larger social context
• Group or society is the central object of sociological
study
• Established sociology as an academic field
• He was a follower of Comte’s tradition and aimed at
developing a scientific sociology
• Contributions to sociology on the areas of social
behavior were on the areas of crime and
punishment, religion and the workplace
MAX WEBER (1864-1920)
• Born on 1864 in Province of Saxony in Kingdom of Prussia (now Germany).
• One of the founding thinkers of Sociology.
• IDEAL TYPE - model that serves as a measuring instrument against which actual cases
can be evaluated.
• SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - focuses on social life
• SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - focuses on social life and human behavior from the
standpoint of the undividuals involed in day to day interaction.
KARL MARX (1818-1883)
• Born on 1818 in Germany
• Wrote the communist manifesto
• One of the arliest and most important proponents of the conflict theory.
• Conflict is the main of social change.
GEORGE SIMMEL (1858-1918)
• Obtain doctor rate in UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN
• Pioneers in recognizing, designating and analyzing impact of social differentiation,
expansion of social group, structure of economy in the development of human
personality.
• interesting subjects is SMALL GROUP
• Neglected until ROBERT BATES and his associates did series of laboratory studies of
small groups.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Fr. Valentin Marin
• University of Santo Tomas in 1896
• Started the development of sociology in the Philippines.
• Prof. Salt and UP Pres. Murray Bartlett
• First sociology course at UP in 1911
• Dean Conrado Benitez
• First filipino teacher
• Serafin Macaraig is the Second
• Clyde Helfin
• Introduced at Siliman University in 1919
• Felipe Gamboa
• Taught at Philippine Women’s University in 1938
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Serafin Macaraig
• First Filipino to obtain a Ph. D in Sociology
• Introduced the social problem orientation
• Symbolic interactionism and structural functionalism
• Sociology was considered one of the requirements in the General Education
Curriculum
• Philippine Social Science Council
• Emphasized social science research
• Community Development Center
• Give support to various pure and applied social science researches
• Gelia Castillo
• Integrated empirical studies into development problem areas
SOCIOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES
• Major concern of sociology
• Human behavior and interaction in a particular society
• Sociology is very dynamic
• Contemporary sociology reflects the diverse contributions of earlier theorists
• Sociologists have continued advancing sociological theories and researches
MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES USED
BY SOCIOLOGISTS
• SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
• CONFLICT AND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
 Charles Horton Cooley
• Preferred to use the sociological perspective to
look first at smaller units (families, friends and
gangs) and saw these as responsible for shaping
people's beliefs, ideas, social nature and values.
• The Looking glass self
• Not who we actually are
• Not what people think about us
• Based on the perception of how others view us
(How we think they view us)
• Our self-concept is then derived from these ideas
 JANE ADDAMS
• Combined intellectual inquiry, political
activism and the social service work
• Developed study strategies to solve social
problems
• The only sociologist to win the Nobel Peace
Prize, Addams used sociology to try to
improve people’s lives
• Founded the Hull House for the poor in
Chicago
 ROBERT MERTON
• His important contribution to
sociology is the successful
combination of theory and
research in the study of deviant
behavior
“One can only love people. It is always of interest to know what strikes another
human being as remarkable. While economics is about how people make
choice, sociology is about how they don't have any choice to make. Men make
their own history, but they do not make it as they please.”
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE

• Views socities as a living

organisms.
• Society's stability and consensus
are the main emohasizes of the
functionalist perspective.
TALCOTT PARSONS (1902-1979)
• Prominent figure in the development of the
functionalist perspective
• Some of Parsons' largest contributions to
sociology in the English-speaking world were his
translations of Max Weber's work and his
analyses of works by Weber, Émile Durkheim,
and Vilfredo Paret.
THE CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
• Viewed the conflict between competing groups helps in understanding social behavior
• Emphasis on the redistribution of resources and social change
W.E.B. DU BOIS (1868-1963)
• Knowledge is a key element to achieve tolerance and justice
THE FIMINIST THEORY
• Argued for a gender-balanced study of society
• Claim women subordination
 • VIEWS HUMAN BEING AS LIVING IN A
• WORLD OF MEANINGFUL OBJECTS.
• GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931)
• -Founder of symbolic interactionist perspective
• -Social psychologist and philosopher
• -he never wrote a book
• -colleagues and students publish his works from lecture notes

• -FOCUSES ON DEVELOPMENTS OF THE SELF

• -One must learn to take the roles of others in our imaginations and
• discover that others also have selves and know how to see
• Ourselves.
• ERVING GOFFMAN (1922-1982)
• Dramaturgical approach
• CAROL BROOKS GARDNER
• Gender issues
• Public places are arenas for the enactment of
inequality in everyday life for women and for
many others
SOCIAL IMAGINATION
• An awareness of the relationship between an
individual and the wider society
• Ability of an individual to survey society as an
outsider
• Tackle social issues such as poverty and hunger
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY
• Allows us to obtain information about society and the different aspects of life n a factual
manner
• Understand society more objectively
• The most important function is when superstitions and misinformation are replaced by
accurate knowledge about human behavior