Parasitic Diseases important in

Meat Inspection

By
Dr. Muhammad Sajid
 Important parasitic problems
• Amoebiasis • Nematodes
• Babesiosis • Cestodes
• Coccidiosis • Trematodes
• Giardiasis • Warbles
• Theileriosis • Maggots
• Toxoplasmosis
• Trypanosomiasis

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 Amoebiasis
• Entamoeba histolytica • Anorexia
• E. gingivalis • Wt loss
• E. coli • Diarrhea/constant or
• E. hartmanni intermittent
• Acute or chronic • Dehydration
• Less common in animal • Tenesmus
• Fever, hem./ulcerative
colitis

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 Babesiosis
• Piroplasmosis/tick • Jaundice
fever/red water • Enlarge spleen
• Babesia bovis/B. • Enlarged liver
bigemina/ B. ovis . . . ? • In RBCs-pear shaped
• Fever, anemia, icterus,
Hb-emai, Hb-uria
• Dark red to brown urine
• CNS signs
• Abortion

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 Coccidiosis
• Host specific Coccidia
• Over crowding/poor
nutrition/unhygiene/stress/weather etc.
• Diarrhea with blood/mucus/sloughed cells
• Wt. loss
• Weakness
• Dehydration

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 Giardiasis
• Giardia intestinalis, G. duodenalis, G. lamblia
• Pear shaped, binucleate, 8 flagella
• More common in man and ruminants
• Youngs more affected
• Diarrhea and wt loss
• Steatorrhea
• May be no gross lesions

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 Theileriosis
• East Coast Fever (Theileria Parva)
• Mediterranean Coast Fever (T. annulata, T.
orientalis)
• Fever, anorexia, depression, enlarged LN,
lacrimation, nasal discharge, diarrhea. . .death
• CNS - - - circling, convulsions, head pressing,
tremors
• Hydrothorax, hydropericardium, spleen Enlrge
• Liver- - - mottled grey areas
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 Toxoplasmosis
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Intracellular,
• Latent/asymptomatic
• Abortion, still birth, encephalitis, pneumonia,
neonatal mortality
• Fever, dyspnea, diarrhea, jaundice, CNS signs
• In sheep---abortion and fetal death common

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 Trypanosomiasis
Disease Cause Transmission Animals
Nagana T.vivax Tsetse fly Domestic and wild
animals
Surra T. evansi, T. Biting flies Horse, camel
equiperdum
Dourine T.equiperdum Coitus Equines
Chagas dis. T. cruzi Bugs Domestic and wild
animals

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 Parasite---Nematodes (LR)
Hemonchus placei Abomasum Barber’s pole worm

Ostertagia ostertagi same

Trichostrongylus axei Same Small stomach worm

Bunostomum plebotomum Small intestine Hook worm

Chabertia ovina SI, colon

Oesoph.radiatum SI, cecum, colon
Strongyloides papillosus SI
Toxocara vitulorum same
Trichuris globulosa Cecum Whipworm
Gongylonema verrucosum Rumen

Gongl. pulchrum
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esophagus 10
 Parasite---sheep/goat
Hemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcineta, O. Abomasum
trifurcate, Trichostrongylus axei
Gongylonema pulchrum Esophagus
Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp., Nematodirus Small intestine
spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides
papillosus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichuris ovis
Gongylonema verrucosum, G. monnigi Rumen

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 Cestodes…tapeworms
• Cattle, sheep, goat
• Moniezia expansa, M. benedini, Thyanosoma
actinioides

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 Trematodes…flukes
• Flattened, leaflike
• Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Fascioloides
magna, Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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 TRICHINELOSIS
• Etiology
– Trichinella spiralis, T. nativa, and T. britovi
• Hosts
– All mammals, principally, pigs, man, rats, etc
• Life cycle. Clean life cycle. It has no free living
stages outside the host.
• After ingestion, it gets encysted in the muscles
• Larvae get released from muscles by action of
digestive enzymes.
• Larvae enters the lymphatic system to the
circulating system finally back to muscles
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 Trichinella

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 Taeniasis(Cestodes)
• Segmented worms that live in intestines
• These are passed into feces and hatched into
larvae on the ground .
• Larvae are ingested by animals, migrate to
their predilection sites to form cystic forms
• These cystic forms are the ones infective to
man.

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 Taeniasis
• 3 types of cyst occur
– cysticercus. Has got an outer membrane enclosing
a single scolex, each with a varying degree of fluid.
– Coenurus(Multiceps cysts), with single cyst and
several scoleces
– Hydatid cysts(Echinococcus).It contains brood
capsules with scoleces –Daughter cysts

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 Taenia Solium(Pork tape worm)
• Final host is man, intermediate host is pig. Larvae
is picked by the pig while scavenging
• It moves through blood stream to the liver and
finally to active muscles where it forms cysts.
• Active muscles include heart muscle, diaphragm,
massatter muscles, tongue, abdominal muscles,
neck etc.
• This cystic form is known as cysticercus
cellulosae.
• The condition is know as cyticercosis. Also known
as pork measles.
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 T. Solium
• It can be visible in muscles 4-10 weeks after
infection
• They appear as white spots measuring
16x9.5mm.They look like as if rice is in
muscles.
• In man, it causes neurocysticercosis leading to
cns signs, epilepsy

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 Taenia saginata(Beef Measles)
• Also called beef-tape worm
• Or Beef measles
• Cystic form called cyticercosis bovis
• Big problem in Africa, asociated with serious
economical losses.
• Final host is man, intermediate host is
bovine(Cattle).Other wild ruminants are
infected.
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 Taenia saginata
• Taenia saginata occurs where cattle are raised
by infected humans maintaining poor hygiene,
• human feces is improperly disposed of,
• meat inspection programs are poor,
• where meat is eaten without proper cooking

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 Taenia saginata
• Predilection sites are tongue, heart muscle,
massater, adductor muscles, diaphragm and
psoas muscles, i.e. active muscles.
• Occasionally in liver and lungs.
• The cyst is fully developed 18 wks after
ingestion, can be diagnosed at 6 wks, can
remain viable even two weeks after death of
animal.

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 Taenia saginata
Postmortem findings :

• Small white lesions (cysticerci 2 – 3 weeks after

infection) in muscle tissue
• Clear infective cysticerci, 12 – 15 weeks after
infection
• Opaque and pearl like (over 15 weeks of
infection)
• Degeneration, caseation and calcification (after
12 months or more after infection)
• Degenerative myocarditis

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 C. bovis

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 C.bovis

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 Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid disease
• The cystic form is hydatid disease
• Final host is dog and other caniids
• Intermediate hosts are cattle, ruminants, pigs,
• Man is an accidental intermediate host
• The eggs are released from the dogs into the
ground where they are picked
• The larvae go through the walls of small
intestines and finally into the liver, lungs,
peritoneal space, even in the brain.

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 Adult worm.Echinococcuss

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 Hydatid cysts in bovine liver

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 Hydatid cyst in Brain

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 Hydatid cysts

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 Cystic hydatid disease

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 hydatidosis

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 Fascioliasis
• Caused by Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola
gigantica
• Signs can be acute, sub acute and subclinical
• At post mortem, acute lead to parachymatous
hepatitis, hemorrhages and fibrin on capsule.
• The liver has numerous sharp small lesions,
which on pressure exudes semi fluid necrotic
liver tissues and mature flukes.
• Although acute cases are rare
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 Fascioliasis
• Chronic form most common
• Bile ducts are thickened, dilated, calciferous
• Bile ducts filled yellowish brown bile
containing flukes which can be expressed
when ducts are incised.
• Excessive calcification and fibrosis of ducts
leads to liver cirrhosis.
• Migrating flukes may reach other organs like
lungs
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 Liverfluke

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 Flies and maggots
• Warbles--- spoiled flesh beneath skin
• Maggots --- miyasis

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