Material Technology

Asphalt
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Asphalts – origin and manufacturer

 Binding agent produced from coal (coal tars, pitches,

etc.,)

 Produced from crude oil

 Asphalt Cement: a dark brown or black colored

bituminous materials used for hotmix asphalt

 Asphalt is viscous materials, means that exhibits both

viscous and elastic behaviour

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Asphalts – origin and manufacturer

 Asphalt (Europe & North America)

 It is means a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregates,

such as rolled asphalt, mastic asphalt, gussaphalt)

 Asphalt (North America) is bitumen

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Production of Petroleum Asphalt

Asphaltic Base Crude Oil

Basic Type of
Paraffin Base Crude Oil
Petroleum

Mixed Base Crude Oil

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Distillation Process

 Distillation of petroleum is Fractional

 Produce by Physical Process

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Production of Petroleum Asphalt

STRAIGHT RUN PROCESS

 Overheating
 Chemical changes

(Distillation process – under controlled)

TWO STEPS OF PRODUCT PROCESS

 Pumping process (crude oil to tube heater)
 Distillation process

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 Atmospheric pressure distillation
atmospheric pressure

Series of traps to
catch distillates
Naphtha
To further distilling and
cracking processes
Gasoline

Decreasing temperature
Kerosene

Diesel Oil

From 5000F
storage high
pressure

Hot topped crude Schematic

(atmospheric residuum) Cross Section
of distillate trap
Level control of distillate
Still tube heater Path of Gas

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Vacuum steam distillation
Partial Vacuum

Series of traps to
catch distillates

Light vacuum distillate

Non volatile oils

Hot top 5000F

crude high Heavy vacuum distillate
pressure

steam

Still tube heater

Asphalt cement

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The fractions of Petroleum

Fraction Product Type Boiling Point

(0F)
Light Distillate Gasoline 100 – 400
Medium Distillate Kerosene 350 – 575
Heavy Distillate Diesel Oil 425 – 700
Very Heavy Distillate Lubricating Oil > 650
Residue Asphalt

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Chemical composition

 Structure:
 High molecular-weight hydrocarbon
 CnH2+bXd (X = sulfur, Ni, O, trace-metal)
 (n = 25 – 150 atoms)

 Composition(%):
 Carbon 80 – 87 Nitrogen 0 - 1
 Nitrogen 9 -11 Sulfur 0.5 – 7
 Oxygen 2 – 8 Trace metal 0 – 0.5

 Affecting: boiling point, solubility, viscosity

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Molecular composition

 ALIPHATIC:
Paraffin – carbon atom linked in straight or brain chains

 NAPTHENIC:
Carbon atom are linked in simple-complex (condensed)
saturated rings

 AROMATIC:
Carbon atom are linked in especially stable benzene
rings

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Physical structure

ASPHALTHENES

100%

OILS 100% 100%

RESINS

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Constituent of A. C.

Phase Component C/H Ratio Contribution

Dispersion Oils < 0.4 Viscosity & Fluidity

Dispersed Asphalthenes > 0.8 Strength & Stiffness

Interfacial Resins -- 0.6 Adhesion & Ductility

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 SOL TYPE SOL-GEL TYPE GEL TYPE
Asphalthenes are fully Still bound, but not Asphalthenes are
separated closely discrete

Viscous fluid Elastic when load Strongly bound in 3 D

applied

No elasticity In nature – visco-elastic Elastic, in-elastic,

permanent deformation

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Properties of Asphalt:
Function of: (Temperature; Chemical Nature; Volume of Constituent)

Temperature
increased decreased glass transition
More dissolve in Less soluble Frozen
resin Rigid

Micellebound in
More dissolve in oils ordered structure Brittle
Less viscous

More viscous Visco-elastic solid

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LIQUID ASPHALT

 Cutback asphalt
 Cutback Asphalt are produced by blending as asphalt cement with a hydrocarbon
solvent

 Classified as based on curing phase:

 RC = rapid curing (asphalt mixed with gasoline);
 MC = medium curing; (asphalt mixed with kerosene)
 SC = slow curing (asphalt mixed with diesel oil)

 Grade range estimated based on viscosity) and types:

 RC range: RC 70 (70-100); RC 250 (200-300); RC 800 (800-1000); RC 3000 (3000-4000)
 MC range: MC 30 (30-40); MC 70 (70-140); MC 250 (200-500); MC 3000 (2000-6000)
 SC range: SC 70 (70-140); SC 250 (250-500); SC 800 (800-1600); MC 3000 (2000-6000)

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Cutback ASPHALT
Type Base Asphalt Cement Solvent Solvent Concentration
(% volume)
Slow Curing (SC) Low viscosity DIESEL FUEL 0 - 50
High penetration

Medium Curing (MC) Medium viscosity KEROSENE 15 – 45

Medium penetration

Rapid Curing (RC) High viscosity – NAPTHA/Gasoline 15 – 45

Low penetration

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LIQUID ASPHALT

 Emulsified asphalt
 Emulsified Asphalt are produced by breaking asphalt cement into very fine droplets or
particles and dispersing these in a mixture of water and a surface active emulsifying
agent.
 Two type of emulsified asphalt: anionic and cationic
 Classified based on setting time:

 Anionic Emulsified Asphalt:

 RS = rapid setting: RS1; RS2
 MS = medium settingMS2
 SS= slow settingSS1; SS2

 Cationic Emulsifed Asphalt:

 RS ; RS-2K; RS-3K
 MS ; SM-K; CM; K
 SS ; SS –K; SS-Kk

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Specification for Asphalt Cement
Penetration Grade

40 - 50 60 - 70 85 - 100 120 - 150 200 – 300

Test

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Penetration test at 250C 100 gram, 5 sec 40 50 60 70 85 100 120 150 200 300

Flash point 0F (Cleveland Open cup) 450 - 450 - 450 425 - 350 -

Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, cm 100 100 100 100 100*

Solubility in trichloroethylene, % 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0

Retained penetration after thin film oven test, % 55+ 52+ 47+ 42+ 37+

Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, after thin film oven test _ 50 75 100 100*

Source: ASTM D946 Standard Specification for Penetration Graded

Asphalt Cement for use in Pavement Construction

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Method of Testing
 Penetration

 Specific Gravity

 Ductility

 Viscosity

 Flash Point

 Softening Point

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Penetration
 To measure the hardness or softness of a bitumen material under a
given set of condition
 The consistency test used to designate grade of asphalt cement
 Results (common used):
Pen 40 - 50
60 - 70
85 - 100
120 - 150
200 - 300

Test Reference: ASTM D5

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Penetration

100 gram

Asphalt Cement 770F or 250 C

Load of 100 gram is applied for 5 second at 770 F or 250 C

D = penetration in units of 0.1 mm

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Specific Gravity
Reference: ASTM D70 (specific gravity and density of semi-solid bituminous
materials)

Procedures:
 The sample is heated until it can be poured
 The material is placed in a pycnometer
 The asphalt volume is determined by taking the difference between
total vol of the bottle and the volume of water required to complete
the filling

(C – A)
 Specific Gravity =
(C – A) – (D – C)

 A=weight of pycnometer B = weight of pycnometer filled w water C= weight of pycnometer partially filled with
asphalt D= weight of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water

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Ductility
Reference: ASTM D113 (Ductility of Bituminous Materials)
Procedures:
 The two ends of briquette specimen are pulled apart at a specified
speed and temperature in a liquid medium

 The ductility is measured by the distance to which it will elongated

before breaking.

 Temperature test is 250C, elongation rate is 5 cm/minute

 Total elongation is average at max 200 cm

 The objective of test are: -adhesiveness; and –elasticity of asphalt

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 Ductility Machine

Gaya Tarik
Gaya Tarik

Media Cairan – alkohol Benang Klem

atau cairan garam Aspal

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 Ductility Test Result

Panjang Sampel

P P
kg kg

P kg P kg

Panjang Sampel + pasca penarikan

Daerah Putus

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 Ductility Affects

 Adhession:
 The ability to stick to aggregate particles in the pavement
 Refer to the molecular force that exists in the area of contact
between unlike bodies

 Cohesion:
 The ability to hold the particles firmly in place
 The molecular force that acts to unite the particles (cohesive
organization)

 Ductile material has an excellent adhesive and cohesive

properties

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Softening Point

 Transition between solid to liquid

 The higher the softening point, the less the temperature

susceptibility

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Softening Point

Reference: ASTM D 36 – 66T (test for softening point of Asphalts and Tar
Pitches

RING and BALL method

 Heat is applied to raise temperature from 410 F at a rate of 90 F/min

 The temperature is read from a thermometer at the instant the
asphalt sample touches the bottom of a reference plate
 The temperature different between two balls do not exceed than 0.50
F

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Softening Point - temperature

asphalt
asphalt

heat

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Durability

 Defined as the property that permits a pavement

materials to withstand the detrimental effects of
moisture, air and temperature.

 Affected by i.e., mix design; properties of aggregate;

properties of asphalt; and workmanships.

 Method of test: -the thin film oven (ASTM D 1754); the

rolling thin-film oven test (ASTM D 2872)

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 Durability

 Oxidation:

 The chemical reaction which takes place when asphalt

is exposed to the oxygen in air
 It affect the hydrogen in the asphalt combines with
oxygen in the air and is removed as water molecules.
 The loss of hydrogen increases the carbon/hydrogen
ration, increases the hardness of materials and loss of
ductility and adhesion.

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 Durability

 Volatilization

 Affected by temperature
 The process by which lighter hydrocarbons
evaporates from the asphalt
 Causes loss of plasticity in asphalt
 The rate of oxidation and volatilization almost double
for each 100C rise in temperature

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Solubility

Test reference ASTM D 4-52

 To determine the amount of cementing agencies present

 This is useful for native asphalt
 To determine the amount of bitumen insoluble in naptha

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Flash Point

 The flash point test are used to determine the

temperature to which asphalt materials may be safely
heated.

 The flash point is the heating temperature at which the

vapor pressure is high enough to give off sufficient
hydrocarbon vapors to form an explosive mixture with air
when contacted with open flame.

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Flash Point – temperature
thermometer

Asphalt sample

gas

heat

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Temperature Susceptibility

 Asphalt will become harder (more viscous) with

decrease in temperature and softer (less viscous) with
increase in temperature.

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 A and B are of identical
Asphalt B viscosity grade
Viscosity

Asphalt A

Temperature

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NATURAL ASPHALT

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Types of Asphalts –binders – origin and manufacturer

 Lake Asphalts

 Rock Asphalt

 TAR

 Bitumen

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Lake Asphalts

 Known as NATURAL Asphalt

 Found in well defined surface deposits, such as located

in Trinidad (discover by Sir Walter Raleigh – 1595)

 Found in Venezuela, called as Bermuda Asphalt

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Lake Asphalts

Trinidad Lake Asphalt

 The lake is approximately 35 hectare and 90 meter deep, containing about
15 million ton of material.

 Assume as originated as a surface seepage of a viscous bitumen in lake

Miocene times. Lowering of the earth’s surface led to an incursion of the
sea and as a result deposited silt and clay over the bitumen.

 Part of silt and clay penetrated the bitumen, forming a plastic mixture of silt,
clay, water and bitumen. Subsequently the land was elevated above sea
level, lateral pressure deforming the material into its present shape of a
pseudo-laccolite.

 Erosion remove the silt and clay covering exposing the surface of the lake.

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Lake Asphalts the composition

Trinidad Asphalt

 30 percent water and gas

 40 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide)
 30 percent mineral matter

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Lake Asphalts the characteristics

Crude Trinidad Asphalt

 Penetration at 770 F is range 1,5 – 4,0

 Ductility at 770 F is 3
 Solubility in carbon disulfide is 57 – 57 percent

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Lake Asphalts

Bermuda Lake Asphalt

 The lake is approximately 445 hectare and 0,5 – 2,4 meter deep

 Containing the largest deposits (volume still unknown).

 Exuded ages ago through faults in the underlying rock strata

 To remove the asphalts a dam is built of slag and waste and the water
is pumped out, asphalt is dig out by hand and loaded into small cars.

 The water is not thoroughly mixed with the asphalt.

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Lake Asphalts the composition

Bermuda Asphalt

 60 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide)

 3 percent insoluble non-mineral matter
 2 percent mineral matter
 30 percent water

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Lake Asphalts the characteristics

Crude Bermuda Asphalt

 Penetration at 770 F, is range 20 – 30

 Ductility at 770 F is 11
 Non-uniformity is Nature
 Solubility in carbon disulfide is 92 – 97 percent

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Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer

 Formed by the impregnation of calcareous rocks

(limestone; sandstones) with seepage of natural
bitumen.

 The product can be mined (quarried) and contain

approx. 12% mass bitumen

 Asphalt content on the rock vary to a approx. 20%

 Used as a mixture of the asphalt and the rock that

contains it

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Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer

The advantages:

 It produces a non skid surface (often used as an anti-

skid surfacing material)

 It is uniform in quality

 It is uniform in appearance

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Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer

The disadvantages:

 it sandy characteristic causes it to wear off easily and

thus shorten its life cycle)

 It is comparatively expensive (available only in a limited

location

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Rock Asphalt other types

Gilsonite:
 The deposit was found in Salt Lake City – UTAH – USA

 Found by S.H. Gilson

 Found in veins, more or less vertical and varying in width

from a fraction of an inch to 18 ft
 Commonly known as ASPHALTITES (asphalt which has
a high softening point)
 The color is not reflecting the hardness of asphalt,
generally color is relatively light

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