• Confirmation Bias

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 Confirmation bias

1 'Confirmation bias' (also called

'confirmatory bias' or 'myside bias') is
the tendency of people to favor
information that confirms their beliefs
or hypothesis|hypotheses.David
Perkins (geneticist)|David Perkins, a
geneticist, coined the term myside
bias referring to a preference for my
side of an issue
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 Confirmation bias

1Another explanation is that people

show confirmation bias because they
are weighing up the costs of being
wrong, rather than investigating in a
neutral, scientific way.

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 Confirmation bias

1 Confirmation biases contribute to

overconfidence effect|overconfidence
in personal beliefs and can maintain
or strengthen beliefs in the face of
contrary evidence. Poor decision
making|decisions due to these biases
have been found in political and
organizational contexts.

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 Confirmation bias - Types

1 Some psychologists use confirmation

bias to refer to the tendency to avoid
rejecting beliefs, while searching for
evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it
from memory

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 Confirmation bias - Biased interpretation

1 Confirmation biases are not limited to the

collection of evidence. Even if two
individuals have the same information, the
way they interpret it can be biased.

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 Confirmation bias - Biased interpretation

1 This effect, known as disconfirmation bias, has been

supported by other experiments.

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 Confirmation bias - Persistence of discredited beliefs

1 Confirmation biases can be used to

explain why some beliefs persist when
the initial evidence for them is removed.
This belief perseverance effect has been
shown by a series of experiments using
what is called the debriefing paradigm:
participants read fake evidence for a
hypothesis, their attitude change is
measured, then the fakery is exposed in
detail. Their attitudes are then measured
once more to see if their belief returns to
its previous level.
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 Confirmation bias - Informal observation

1 Before psychological research on

confirmation bias, the phenomenon had
been observed anecdotally by writers,
including the Greek historian Thucydides
(c

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 Confirmation bias - Wason's research on hypothesis-testing

1 The term confirmation bias was coined

by English psychologist Peter Cathcart
Wason|Peter Wason. For an experiment
published in 1960, he challenged
participants to identify a rule applying to
triples of numbers. At the outset, they
were told that (2,4,6) fits the rule.
Participants could generate their own
triples and the experimenter told them
whether or not each triple conformed to
the rule.
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 Confirmation bias - Wason's research on hypothesis-testing

1 Wason also used confirmation bias to

explain the results of his Wason
selection task|selection task
experiment

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 Confirmation bias - Klayman and Ha's critique

1 |editor3-last=Halpern |title=Critical
Thinking in Psychology |year=2007
|publisher=Cambridge University
Press |isbn=0-521-60834-1
|oclc=69423179 |page=292
|chapter=Critical Thinking in
Psychology: It really is critical
|quote=Some of the worst examples of
confirmation bias are in research on
parapsychology..
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 Observation - Confirmation bias

1 In psychology, this is called

confirmation bias

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 Informational listening - Confirmation Bias

1 Second, confirmation bias detracts from a

person’s ability to be open minded

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 Problem-solving - Confirmation biased

1 Biased evaluation of abstracts

depending on topic and conclusion:
Further evidence of a confirmation bias
within scientific psychology

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 Problem-solving - Confirmation biased

1 However, confirmation
bias does not
necessarily require
motivation

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