COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Engr. Anees Ahmed Soomro

Assistant Professor
CSE QUEST Nawabshah
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

1) Structures in C
2) Initialization Structures in C
3) Multiple struct variables of same types, Combining declaration
4) Unions, Unions of structures
Structs in C
• Simple variables can hold one piece of information at a
time and how arrays can hold number of pieces of
information of same data type.
• We want to operate on data items of different type together
as unit.
• In this can neither the variable nor array is adequate.
• For example, suppose you want a program to store data
concerning an employee in an organization.
• You want to store Employees Name(a character array),
Department Number(an integer), Salary(a floating point
number) and so forth.
• Even a multidimensional array will not solve this problem,
since all the elements of any array must be of same data
type.
• You could several different arrays.
• A character array for name, a floating point array of
salaries and so on.
• To solve this type of problem C provides a
special type : the Structure.
• A structure consists of a number of data items which need
not be of same type grouped together.
• A structure would consists of the Employee’s Name,
Department Number, Salary and other pertinent
information
• Simple variables, arrays and structures
Simple Structure
void main(void)
{
struct easy
{
int num;
char ch;
};
struct easy ez1;
ez1.num=2;
ez1.ch=‘z’;
printf(“ez1.num=%d,ez1.ch=%c\n”,ez1.num,ez1.ch);
}
Initializing structures
• Like simple variables and arrays structure variables can
be initialized given specific values at the beginning of
program.
• The format used is quite similar to that used to initialize
arrays.
struct personel
{
char name[30];
int agnumb;
};
struct personel agent1={“harriton tweedbusy”,012};
struct personel agent2={“james bond”,007};
void main(void)
{
printf(“\n list of agents:\n”);
printf(“name:%s\n”,agent1.name);
printf(“agent number:%03d\n”,agent1.agnumb);
printf(“name:%s\n”,agent2.name);
printf(“agent number:%03d\n”,agent2.agnumb);
}
Multiple structure variables of same type
• There can be more than one int or float variable in program
• There can be any number of variables of given structure type
void main(void)
{
struct easy
{
int num;
char ch;
};
struct easy ez1;
struct easy ez2;
ez1.num=2;
ez1.ch=‘z’;
ez2.num=3;
ez2.ch=‘y’;
printf(“ez1.num=%d,ez1.ch=%c\n”,ez1.num,ez1.ch);
printf(“ez2.num=%d,ez2.ch=%c\n”,ez2.num,ez2.ch);
Combining declaration
void main(void)
{
struct easy
{
int num;
char ch;
}ez1,ez2;
.
.
.
.
.
Unions
• Unions have same relationship to structures that you might
have to a distant cousin who resembled you but turned out
to be smuggling contraband in a third world country.
• Both structures and union are used to group a number of
different variables together.
• But while a structure enables us to treat as a unit a number
of different variables stored at different places in memory.
• A union enables us to treat the space in memory as a
number of different variables.
• That is unions is a way for a section of memory to be
treated as a variable of one type on one occasion.
Unions
void main(void)
{
union intflo
{
int intnum;
float fltnum;
}unex;
printf(“sizeof(union intflo)=%d\n”,sizeof(union intflo));
unex.intnum=734;
printf(“unex.intnum=%d\n”,unex.intnum);
unex.fltnum=867.43;
printf(“unex.fltnum=%.2f\n”,unex.fltnum);
}
Unions of Structures
• Structures can be nested within each other, so too can union be nested
in unions, Unions in structures, and structures in unions.
void main(void)
{
struct twoints
{
int intnum1;
int intnum2;
}stex;
union intflo
{
struct twoints stex;
float fltnum;
}unex;
continued……
Unions of Structures

printf(“sizeof(union intflo)=%d\n”,sizeof(union intflo));

unex.stex.intnum1=734;
unex.stex.intnum2=-333;
printf(“unex.stex.intnum1=%d\n”,unex.stex.intnum1);
printf(“unex.stex.intnum2=%d\n”,unex.stex.intnum2);

unex.fltnum=867.43;
printf(“unex.fltnum=%.1f\n”,unex.fltnum);
}