DEFINITION OF TERMS:

ANTEPARTUM
INTRAPARTUM
POSTPARTUM
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
GESTATION
ABORTION
TERM
PRETERM OR PREMATURE LABOR
POST-TERM LABOR
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
GRAVIDA
NULLIGRAVIDA
PRIMIGRAVIDA
MULTIGRAVIDA
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
PARA
NULLIPARA
PRIMIPARA
MULTIPARA
STILLBIRTH
RECOMMENDED FREQUENCY OF PRENATAL
VISIT:
•EVERY 4 WEEKS FOR THE FIRST 28 WEEKS OF
GESTATION
•EVERY 2 WEEKS UNTIL 36 WEEKS GESTATION
•AFTER 36 WEEKS, EVERY WEEK UNTIL CHILD
BIRTH
CLIENT HISTORY

TPAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL TASKS OF PREGNANCY
FIRST TRIMESTER Accepting the Pregnancy
SECOND TRIMESTER Accepting the Fetus
THIRD TRIMESTER Preparing for the Baby
PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS
“Changes felt by woman” M- MORNING SICKNESS
A- AMENORRHEA
C- CHANGES IN BREAST
F- FATIGUE
L- LASSITUDE
U- URINARY FREQUENCY
Q- QUICKENING (18TH-20TH WEEKS)
PROBABLE SIGNS “Changes observed by examiner”

C- CHADWICKS
H- HEGAR
U- UTERINE ENLARGEMENT
P- POSITIVE PREGNANCY TEST
B- BALLOTTMENT
O- OUTLINING OF FETAL BODY
G- GOODELLS
S- SOUFFLE, CONTRACTION, BRAXTON HICKS
POSITIVE SIGNS “Definitive signs of pregnancy”

HEARTBEAT
FETAL MOVEMENT
SKELETON
MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGY DURING
PREGNANCY
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

UTERUS
• ENLARGEMENT & THICKENING
(HYPERTROPHY) OF THE UTERUS; MOST
MARKED IN THE FUNDUS
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

CERVIX OVARIES
•GOODELL’S SIGN •OVULATION CEASES
•OPERCULUM THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

VAGINA
•CHADWICK’S SIGN
•VAGINAL SECRETIONS INCREASE
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
BREASTS
•INCREASE IN SIZE , LARGER NIPPLES,
MORE PIGMENTED
•COLOSTRUM PRESENT BY 2ND
TRIMESTER
•ELEVATED GLANDS OF MONTGOMERY
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

STRIAE GRAVIDARUM
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

LINIA NIGRA
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

•CHLOASMA
•PIGMENTATION
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

•PALMAR ERYTHEMA
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

•TELANGIECTASIAS
 METABOLIC CHANGES
WEIGHT GAIN: AVERAGE IS 11-13 KGS (24-28 LBS)
•1ST TRIMESTER: 2-4 LBS
•2ND TRIMESTER: 12-14 LBS
•3RD TRIMESTER: 8-12 LBS
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

•PLACENTA
•PITUITARY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

•HEART
•CIRCULATION
•HEMATOLOGIC
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

•VENTILATION
•DIAPHRAGM
•THORACIC CAGE
 URINARY TRACT

•URETERS
•GFR
COMPLICATIONS AND DISCOMFORTS
OF PREGNANCY
DISCOMFORTS OF EARLY PREGNANCY
BREAST TENDERNESS LEUKORRHEA
CONSTIPATION MUSCLE CRAMPS
FATIGUE NAUSEA, VOMITING, PYROSIS
FREQUENT URINATION PALPITATIONS
HEMORRHOIDS PALMAR ERYTHEMA
HYPOTENSION VARICOSITIES
 BREAST TENDERNESS

CAUSE:
•INCREASED ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT:
•WEAR BRA WITH WIDE SHOULDER STRAPS FOR SUPPORT
 CONSTIPATION
CAUSE:
•WEIGHT OF GROWING UTERUS
MANAGEMENT:
•EVACUATE BOWELS REGULARLY
•INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF FLUIDS AND
FIBERS IN THE DIET
 FATIGUE
CAUSE:
•INCREASE METABOLIC DEMAND
MANAGEMENT:
•INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF REST AND SLEEP
•AVOID STRENUOUS ACTIVITY
 FREQUENT URINATIONS
CAUSE:
•PRESSURE IN THE GROWING UTERUS ON THE ANTERIOR BLADDER
MANAGEMENT:
•DECREASE THE AMOUNT OF CAFFEINE CONSUMED
•EXPLAIN THAT THIS OCCURRENCE IS NORMAL
 HEMORRHOIDS
CAUSE:
•PRESSURE IN THE RECTAL VEINS BY THE GROWING UTERUS
MANAGEMENT:
•REGULAR BOWEL MOVEMENT
•REST IN MODIFIED SIM’S POSITION
•KNEE CHEST POSITION AT THE END OF THE DAY (10-15 MIN)
 HYPOTENSION
CAUSE:
•UTERUS PRESSING ON VENA CAVA
MANAGEMENT:
•LIE ON THE SIDE
•RISE SLOWLY
•AVOID EXTENDED PERIODS OF STANDING
 LEUKORRHEA
CAUSE:
•HIGH ESTROGEN LEVEL & INCREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE
VAGINA; EPITHELIUM AND CERVIX
MANAGEMENT:
•ADVISED TO TAKE A BATHS OR SHOWER
•WEAR COTTON UNDERWEAR
•AVOID WEARING TIGHT UNDERWEAR OR PANTYHOSE
 MUSCLE CRAMPS
CAUSE:
•DECREASED SERUM CALCIUM AND INCREASED SERUM
PHOSPHORUS LEVELS
MANAGEMENT:
•LIE ON THE BACK & EXTEND LEGS
 NAUSEA, VOMITING, PYROSIS
CAUSE:
•SENSITIVITY TO HIGH LEVELS OF HCG,
ESTROGEN CAUSING DIMINISHED GASTRIC
MOTILITY
MANAGEMENT:
•INCREASE CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE
•EAT DRY CRACKERS BEFORE ARISING
 PALPITATIONS

CAUSE:
•CIRCULATORY ADJUSTMENTS TO INCREASED BLOOD VOLUME
MANAGEMENT:
•GRADUAL AND SLOW BODY MOVEMENTS
 PALMAR ERYTHEMA

CAUSE:
•INCREASED ESTROGEN LEVEL
MANAGEMENT:
•APPLY CALAMINE LOTION
 VARICOSITIES
CAUSE:
•PRESSURE OF THE UTERUS ON THE VEINS OF THE
LOWER EXTREMITIES
MANAGEMENT:
•USE ELASTIC SUPPORT STOCKINGS
•REST IN SIMS, ON THE BACK W/ LEGS RAISED
AGAINST THE WALL OR ELEVATED IN FOOT STOOL
DISCOMFORTS OF MIDDLE & LATE
PREGNANCY

•ANKLE EDEMA
•BACKACHE
•DYSPNEA
•HEADACHE
 ANKLE EDEMA
CAUSE:
•REDUCED BLOOD CIRCULATION IN THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
MANAGEMENT:
•REST ON THE LEFT SIDE LYING POSITION
•SITTING W/ THE LEGS ELEVATED
•AVOID WEARING CONSTRICTIVE CLOTHING AND KNEE HIGH
STOCKINGS
 BACKACHE
CAUSE:
•TO MAINTAIN BALANCE DUE TO THE GROWING UTERUS
•INCREASED ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT:
•WEAR SHOES W/ LOW HEELS
•WALK W/ THE PELVIS TITLED FORWARD
•APPLY LOCAL HEAT
 HEADACHE
CAUSE:
•EXPANDING BLOOD VOLUME PUTS PRESSURE ON THE CEREBRAL
ARTERIES
MANAGEMENT:
•REST W/ A COLD TOWEL ON THE FOREHEAD
 DANGER SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
Sign
Swelling of face, finger, legs
Headache, continuous &
severe
Abdominal/ chest pain
Vaginal bleeding
Vomiting, persistent
Visual changes
Escape of vaginal fluids
Possible Cause
HPN of pregnancy & Thrombophlebitis
HPN of pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy, uterine rupture, and pulmonary embolism
Placental problems (previa, abruption, premature separation)
Infection (also with fever and chills), and hyperemesis
HPN of pregnancy
Premature rupture of membrane