GDM CAYAS, AISHA

JIMENEZ, QUENIE JOY

MONASTERIO, JANNA ALLYSON
TORRES, MIKEE
VILLABLANCA, NHIKAELLA
GOMEZ, JONATHAN PAUL
RODRIGUEZ, MARK GABRIEL
1. The goal of dietary therapy for a client with gestational
diabetes is to avoid single large meals and foods with a
large percentage of simple carbohydrate. All but one are
foods that a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes
can include in her diet:

a.) skinless chicken breasts

b.) baked goods, such as muffins, donuts, or cakes
c.) baked fish
d.) unsweetened Greek yogurt
2. The effects of pregnancy on diabetes mellitus are
summarized as:

a.)First trimester—glucose level is relatively stable or

may decrease
b.) Second trimester—there is rapid increase in glucose
level
c.) Third trimester—there is rapid decrease in glucose
level and return to its pre-pregnant state.
d.) all of the above
3. The overall goal of management for gestational diabetes
mellitus is the control of the maternal glucose level and keep
it on normal or near-normal level which among these is the
most significant nursing management to prevent the
development of complications that might compromise both
the mother and the fetus.

a.) Use of Insulin

b.)Nutrition: Explain the importance of exercise
c.) Fetal well-being: Continuous monitoring of fetal activities
and fetal heart tone
4. Nurse Shey is educating a pregnant client who has gestational
diabetes. Which of the following statements should the nurse make to
the client? Select all that apply.

A. Cakes, candies, cookies, and regular soft drinks should be avoided.

B. Gestational diabetes increases the risk that the mother will develop
diabetes later in life.
C. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the baby is born.
D. Insulin injections may be necessary.
E. The baby will likely be born with diabetes.
F. The mother should strive to gain no more weight during the
pregnancy.
5. What is the effect of Gestational Diabetes on a fetus?

A.Excessive growth

B.Brain problems

C.Eye damage

D.All of these answers

6. The nurse is explaining to a nursing student what conditions occur in the
body to cause the development of gestational diabetes in a pregnant mother.
Which statement by the nurse is the most accurate pertaining to what causes
gestational diabetes?

a. "A decreased level of glucose in the blood cannot get into the cells
because there is a decreased level of insulin. This condition in the body
causes GDM."

b. "An excessive level of glucose in the blood cannot get into the cells
because there is not enough insulin to carry the high amount of glucose
present. This condition in the body causes GDM."

c. "A decreased level of glucose in the blood cannot get into the cells
because there is an excessive level of insulin. This condition in the body
causes GDM.”
7. Clients with gestational diabetes deliver by C- Section.
It is because not to avoid injury and not due to the size of
the baby.

A. If both statement are true

B. if both statement are false
C. If 1st statement is true and 2nd statement is false
D. If 1st statement is false and 2nd statement is true
8. What is the effect of Gestational Diabetes on a fetus?

A.Excessive growth

B.Brain problems

C.Eye damage

D.All of these answers

9. You encourage a woman with gestational diabetes to maintain an
active exercise period during pregnancy. Prior to this exercise., you
would advise her to do which of the following?

A. Injectable dose of insulin

B. Eat a sustaining carbohydrate snack
C. Eat a high-carbohydrate snack
D. And a bonus of long-acting insulin
10. which nursing intervention is not appropriate for patients with
GDM?

a. provide diet with 1000-1500 kcal

b. encourage exercise
c. self hygiene
d. regular finger prick for BGM
11. The placenta supports the baby as it grows. Hormones from the
placenta help the baby develop. But a Mother may also experience a
problem called insulin resistance.
Which among the statements is true about Insulin resistance for GDM

a.) Insulin resistance makes it easy for the mother's body to use insulin.

b.)Hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. and these
hormones also block the action of the mother's insulin in her body.

c.) it is easy for the mother's body to use insulin, She may need up to
three times as much insulin.
12. Growing Baby, Growing Impact. Extra blood glucose
goes through the placenta, giving the baby high blood
glucose levels. In GDM, Since the baby is getting more
energy than it needs to grow and develop, the extra
energy is stored as fat. Which will cause the baby:

a. Polyhydramnios
b. Macrosomia
c. Normal
13. Babies with macrosomia face health problems of their own,
Because of the extra insulin made by the baby's pancreas. Newborns
may experience what kind of symptom:

a. Hyperglycemia and when they grow up they become obese

b. Hypoglycemia and when they grow up they become obese
c. Hyperglycemia and when they grow up they have a Normal body
weight
14. for a new born coming from a mother with GDM, what
interventions should be done immediately upon delivery, select all that
applies:
a. glucose iv infusion
b. intravenous insulin administration
c. oxygen mask
d. breastfeed the baby
15. The macrosomic baby suffers from hypoglycemia once the umbilical
cord is cut upon delivery.

a. true
b. False
Pre Eclampsia
to Eclampsia
1. A woman with preeclampsia is receiving magnesium
sulfate. The nurse assigned to care for the client
determines that the magnesium therapy is effective if:

A. Ankle clonus is noted

B. The blood pressure
C. Seizures do not occur
D. Scotomas are present
2. Nurse Kyrie is monitoring a pregnant client with pregnancy
induced hypertension who is at risk for Preeclampsia. The
nurse checks the client for which specific signs of
Preeclampsia (select all that apply)?
A. Elevated blood pressure
B. Negative urinary protein
C. Facial edema
D. Increased respirations
3. Nurse Lyia implements a teaching plan for a pregnant
client who is newly diagnosed with gestational diabetes.
Which statement if made by the client indicates a need for
further education?

A.“I need to stay on the diabetic diet.”

B. “I will perform glucose monitoring at home.”
C. “I need to avoid exercise because of the negative effects
of insulin production.”
D. “I need to be aware of any infections and report signs of
infection immediately to my health care provider.”
4. All but one are management for a client with
eclampsia.

A.Provide dim light room

B. Administer oxygen by face mask
C. Woman should stay in supine position
D. Apply external fetal heart monitor
5. Patient Danica came to the hospital at 38 weeks AOG
with a BP of 160/110 mmHg. There is a marked
proteinuria of 4+ and oliguria. Amniocentesis was done
and revealed matured fetal lung. Which of the following
should be done?
A. Let the patient go home
B. Labor can't be induced
C. Patient can undergo cesarean birth
D. Nurse will focus more in alleviating symptoms until
fetus will come to term.
6. Shiela is admitted at the hospital with severe pre-
eclampsia. She was given magnesium sulfate and is being
closely observed by the nurse. Which of the following
indicates that the nurse should hold the next dose of
magnesium sulfate for the client?

A. Respiratory Depression
B. Severe oliguria
C. Decreased deep tendon reflexes
D. All of the Above
7. Which of the following are risk factors for pre-
eclampsia? (Select all that apply)

A. Multiparity
B. Advanace maternal age
C. Family History
D. History of disorders characterized by microvascular
disease
8. Complications of pre-eclampsia include which of the
following?

A. Tonic Clonic seizures

B. Renal failure
C. Pulmonary edema
D. Intrauterine death
E. All of the above
9. Which of the following is a typical biochemical and
hematological abnormality in pre-eclampsia?

A. Reduced hemoglobin
B. Rise in platelets as part of the acute systemic
response
C. Low uric acid
D. Impaired renal and liver function
10. Urinalysis is being done to know if there is an
impairement of the kidneys. What do we need to look
for in a urinalysis report?

A. Elevated calcium level in the urine

B. Elevated protein level in the urine
C. Elevated ketone level in the urine
D. Crystallization of particles in the urine
11. Which of the following should alarm the nurse when
caring for a client with severe pre-eclampsia? Select all
that applies
A. Blood serum level of 5-8 mg/100 ml
B. 60 ml of urine output in 4 hours
C. Doesn’t respond when asked for the name, address
and isn’t oriented.
D. None of the above
12. what are the possible complications for HELLP
or Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low
Platelet.

a. maternal mortality
b. fetal mortality
c. cerebral haemorrhage
d. all of the above
13. Julia is admitted to the hospital with HELLP
SYNDROME. Upon assessment,the nurse noted
bleeding. With this finding, The nurse should
administer whole blood transfusion.
A. True
B. False
14. In Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, all but one
are nursing interventions for a Mother with
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion

a.)Promote Exercise to aid secretion of sodium.

b.) Promote good nutrition, since the woman has still

to continue her usual pregnancy nutrition.

c.)Provide emotional support to establish a trusting

relationship and let the woman voice out her fears.
15. ______ is the agent most commonly used for treatment of
eclampsia and prophylaxis of eclampsia in patients with severe
pre-eclampsia. It is usually given by either the _______or
_______.

a.) Magnesium Sulfate, IM, P.O

b.) Calcium Gluconate, IVF, P.O

c.) Calcium Gluconate, IVF, IM

d. Magnesium Sufate, IM and IVF

ANSWERS
GDM
1. The goal of dietary therapy for a client with gestational diabetes is to
avoid single large meals and foods with a large percentage of simple
carbohydrate. All but one are foods that a pregnant woman with
gestational diabetes can include in her diet:

a.) skinless chicken breasts

b.) baked goods, such as muffins, donuts, or cakes
c.) baked fish
d.) unsweetened Greek yogurt

Answer: B
Rationale: Aim to base meals around protein. Include lots of fresh
foods. Highly processed foods must be limited or avoided. The extra
glucose the body can make the baby gain weight.
2. The effects of pregnancy on diabetes mellitus are summarized as:

a.)First trimester—glucose level is relatively stable or may decrease

b.) Second trimester—there is rapid increase in glucose level
c.) Third trimester—there is rapid decrease in glucose level and return
to its pre-pregnant state.
d.) all of the above
3. The overall goal of management for gestational diabetes mellitus is
the control of the maternal glucose level and keep it on normal or near-
normal level which among these is the most significant nursing
management to prevent the development of complications that might
compromise both the mother and the fetus.

a.) Use of Insulin

b.)Nutrition: Explain the importance of exercise
c.) Fetal well-being: Continuous monitoring of fetal activities and fetal
heart tone
Answer: A

Rationale: The most significant of these managements is the use of

insulin. This is the most potent, yet, requires accuracy and monitoring
of its unwanted effect (hypoglycaemia) that brings immediate danger
to both the mother and the fetus. Proper timing, dosage, and
knowledge on counteractions of its over-reaction are vital concepts to
be incorporated in the health education. Along with this, health
promotion and disease prevention activities like diet, exercise, and fetal
monitoring are of great importance.
4. Nurse Shey is educating a pregnant client who has gestational diabetes. Which of
the following statements should the nurse make to the client? Select all that apply.

A. Cakes, candies, cookies, and regular soft drinks should be avoided.

B. Gestational diabetes increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes
later in life.
C. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the baby is born.
D. Insulin injections may be necessary.
E. The baby will likely be born with diabetes.
F. The mother should strive to gain no more weight during the pregnancy.

ANS: A,B,C,D,E
RATIONALE: Gestational diabetes can occur between the 16th and 28th week of
pregnancy. If not responsive to diet and exercise, insulin injections may be
necessary. Concentrated sugars should be avoided. Weight gain should continue,
but not in excessive amounts. Usually, gestational diabetes disappears after the
infant is born. However, diabetes can develop 5 to 10 years after the pregnancy.
5. What is the effect of Gestational Diabetes on a fetus?

A.Excessive growth

B.Brain problems

C.Eye damage

D.All of these answers

Answer: D.
RATIONALE :
Birth defects usually occur in the first trimester of pregnancy. Babies of diabetic
mothers may have major birth defects in the heart and blood vessels, brain and
spine, urinary system and kidneys, and digestive system.If the mother's blood has
too much sugar, the pancreas of the baby makes more insulin to use this glucose.
This causes fat to form and the baby grows very large
The nurse is explaining to a nursing student what conditions occur in the body to cause the
development of gestational diabetes in a pregnant mother. Which statement by the nurse
is the most accurate pertaining to what causes gestational diabetes?

a. "A decreased level of glucose in the blood cannot get into the cells because there is a
decreased level of insulin. This condition in the body causes GDM."

b. "An excessive level of glucose in the blood cannot get into the cells because there is not
enough insulin to carry the high amount of glucose present. This condition in the body
causes GDM."

c. "A decreased level of glucose in the blood cannot get into the cells because there is an
excessive level of insulin. This condition in the body causes GDM.”

Answer:
b. "An excessive level of glucose in the blood cannot get into the cells because there is not
enough insulin to carry the high amount of glucose present. This condition in the body
causes GDM
7. Clients with gestational diabetes deliver by C- Section. It is
because not to avoid injury and not due to the size of the
baby.

A. If both statement are true

B. if both statement are false
C. If 1st statement is true and 2nd statement is false
D. If 1st statement is false and 2nd statement is true

Answer: C

Clients that are born by GDM are born Macrosomia because

of the size they are referred to the C- Section to prevent
from injury.
8. What is the effect of Gestational Diabetes on a fetus?

A.Excessive growth

B.Brain problems

C.Eye damage

D.All of these answers

Answer: D.
RATIONALE :
Birth defects usually occur in the first trimester of pregnancy. Babies of diabetic
mothers may have major birth defects in the heart and blood vessels, brain and
spine, urinary system and kidneys, and digestive system.If the mother's blood
has too much sugar, the pancreas of the baby makes more insulin to use this
glucose. This causes fat to form and the baby grows very large.
9. You encourage a woman with gestational diabetes to maintain an
active exercise period during pregnancy. Prior to this exercise., you
would advise her to do which of the following?
A. Injectable dose of insulin
B. Eat a sustaining carbohydrate snack
C. Eat a high-carbohydrate snack
D. And a bonus of long-acting insulin

ANS: B
RATIONALE: Because exercise uses up glucose, women with diabetes
should take a sustaining carbohydrate snack before Hard Exercise to
prevent hypoglycemia
10. which nursing intervention is not appropriate for patients with
GDM?

a. provide diet with 1000-1500 kcal

b. encourage exercise
c. self hygiene
d. regular finger prick for BGM

answer: a. the diet should be at least 1800-2200 kcal diet to provide

the adequate amount of energy for both the mother and child
11. The placenta supports the baby as it grows. Hormones from the placenta help the baby
develop. But a Mother may also experience a problem called insulin resistance.
Which among the statements is true about Insulin resistance for GDM

a.) Insulin resistance makes it easy for the mother's body to use insulin.

b.)Hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. and these hormones also block the
action of the mother's insulin in her body.

c.) it is easy for the mother's body to use insulin, She may need up to three times as much
insulin.

Answer B.

Rationale: Hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. But these hormones also
block the action of the mother's insulin in her body. This problem is called insulin
resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the mother's body to use insulin. She may
need up to three times as much insulin.
12. Growing Baby, Growing Impact. Extra blood glucose goes through the placenta, giving
the baby high blood glucose levels. In GDM, Since the baby is getting more energy than it
needs to grow and develop, the extra energy is stored as fat. Which will cause the baby:

a. Polyhydramnios
b. Macrosomia
c. Normal

Answer: B.

Rationale:
When you have gestational diabetes, your pancreas works overtime to produce insulin, but
the insulin does not lower your blood glucose levels. Although insulin does not cross the
placenta, glucose and other nutrients do. So extra blood glucose goes through the
placenta, giving the baby high blood glucose levels. This causes the baby's pancreas to
make extra insulin to get rid of the blood glucose. Since the baby is getting more energy
than it needs to grow and develop, the extra energy is stored as fat.
This can lead to macrosomia, or a "fat" baby.
13. Babies with macrosomia face health problems of their own, Because of
the extra insulin made by the baby's pancreas. Newborns may experience
what kind of symptom:

a. Hyperglycemia and when they grow up they become obese

b. Hypoglycemia and when they grow up they become obese
c. Hyperglycemia and when they grow up they have a Normal body weight

Answer: B

Rationale:

Because of the extra insulin made by the baby's pancreas, newborns may
have very low blood glucose levels at birth and are also at higher risk for
breathing problems. Babies born with excess insulin become children who
are at risk for obesity and adults who are at risk for type 2 diabetes.
14. for a new born coming from a mother with GDM, what
interventions should be done immediately upon delivery, select all that
applies:
a. glucose iv infusion
b. intravenous insulin administration
c. oxygen mask
d. breastfeed the baby

ans: a and c
the baby coming from a mother with GDM is lethargic and has an
ineffective infant breathing because of the glucose that was being
delivered during the mother's pregnancy hence, developing as a
macrosomic baby
15. The macrosomic baby suffers from hypoglycemia once the umbilical
cord is cut upon delivery.

a. true
b. false

ans. a. true because there is an increase of insulin and decrease supply

of glucose.
when the umbilical cord is cut, there will be a discontinued supply of
glucose coming from the mother
PRE ECLAMPSIA
TO ECLAMPSIA
1. A woman with preeclampsia is receiving magnesium sulfate. The nurse
assigned to care for the client determines that the magnesium therapy is
effective if:
A. Ankle clonus is noted
B. The blood pressure
C. Seizures do not occur
D. Scotomas are present
ANSWER: C
Rationale: For a client with preeclampsia, the goal of care is directed at
preventing eclampsia (seizures). Magnesium sulfate is an anticonvulsant, not
an antihypertensive agent. Although a decrease in blood pressure may be
noted initially, this effect is usually transient. Ankle clonus indicated
hyperreflexia and may precede the onset of eclampsia. Scotomas are areas of
complete or partial blindness. Visual disturbances, such as scotomas, often
precede an eclamptic seizure.
2. Nurse Kyrie is monitoring a pregnant client with pregnancy induced
hypertension who is at risk for Preeclampsia. The nurse checks the
client for which specific signs of Preeclampsia (select all that apply)?
A. Elevated blood pressure
B. Negative urinary protein
C. Facial edema
D. Increased respirations
ANSWER: A AND C
Rationale: The three classic signs of preeclampsia are hypertension,
generalized edema, and proteinuria. Increased respirations are not a
sign of preeclampsia.
3. Nurse Lyia implements a teaching plan for a pregnant client who is newly
diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Which statement if made by the client
indicates a need for further education?

A.“I need to stay on the diabetic diet.”

B. “I will perform glucose monitoring at home.”
C. “I need to avoid exercise because of the negative effects of insulin
production.”
D. “I need to be aware of any infections and report signs of infection
immediately to my health care provider.”
ANSWER: C
Rationale: Exercise is safe for the client with gestational diabetes and is
helpful in lowering the blood glucose level.
4. All but one are management for a client with eclampsia.

A.Provide dim light room

B. Administer oxygen by face mask
C. Woman should stay in supine position
D. Apply external fetal heart monitor
Answer: C
Woman should stay in supine position. Rationale: -The priority care for
a woman with tonic clonic seizure is to maintain patent airway which
includes turning woman on her side to allow secretions to drain from
her mouth and prevent aspiration.
5. Patient Danica came to the hospital at 38 weeks AOG with a BP of
160/110 mmHg. There is a marked proteinuria of 4+ and oliguria.
Amniocentesis was done and revealed matured fetal lung. Which of the
following should be done?
A. Let the patient go home
B. Labor can't be induced
C. Patient can undergo cesarean birth
D. Nurse will focus more in alleviating symptoms until fetus will come
to term.
Answer: C
Patient can undergo cesarean birth Rationale: -A woman who is at 38
weeks of AOG and amniocentesis revealed matured fetal lungs is
qualified to have cesarean birth or labor can be induced.
6. Shiela is admitted at the hospital with severe pre-eclampsia.She was given
magnesium sulfate and is being closely observed by the nurse. Which of the
following indicates that the nurse should hold the next dose of magnesium
sulfate for the client?
A. Respiratory Depression
B. Severe oliguria
C. Decreased deep tendon reflexes
D. All of the Above
Answer: D. All of the Above
Rationale: The most evident symptoms of overdose from magnesium sulfate
administration include decreased urine output, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, depressed respirations and decreased consciousness.
7. Which of the following are risk factors for pre-eclampsia? (Select all
that apply)

A. Multiparity
B. Advanace maternal age
C. Family History
D. History of disorders characterized by microvascular disease

ANSWERS: B and C
Extremes of maternal age are a risk factor, particularly older age.
Nulliparity, chronic hypertension, chronic renal disease, sickle cell,
diabetes and autoimmune disease, and multiple pregnancy are all risk
factors for the development of pre-eclampsia. Maternal family history
rather than paternal family history is a risk factor for pre-eclampsia.
8. Complications of pre-eclampsia include which of the following?

A. Tonic Clonic seizures

B. Renal failure
C. Pulmonary edema
D. Intrauterine death
E. All of the above

Answer: E
Rationale: Tonic clonic seizures occurring in a pre-eclamptic woman are
usually eclampsia, and occur in 0.05% of all pregnancies in the UK. Pre-
eclamptic patients are at particular risk of fluid overload, especially following
delivery with redistribution of antenatal increased blood volume. The blood
pressure should be treated to prevent intracranial haemorrhage. Intrauterine
death may be related to pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, hypoxia or
extreme IUGR.
9. Which of the following is a typical biochemical and
hematological abnormality in pre-eclampsia?

A. Reduced hemoglobin
B. Rise in platelets as part of the acute systemic
response
C. Low uric acid
D. Impaired renal and liver function
D is correct. Typically, haemoglobin is raised due to
haemoconcentration, although it may fall if haemolysis occurs in
the HELLP syndrome. Platelet aggregation is increased and platelets
fall. Low platelet levels may be indicative of impending HELLP or
DIC. The white cell count is not typically altered. Uric acid, although
a poor predictor of complications, is typically raised.

A protein:creatinine ratio of >30 is approximately equivalent to 0.3

g/24 h protein excretion.

In normal pregnancy, the reference ranges for creatinine are lower

than those for the non-pregnant population and are gestation
dependent. However, both renal and liver function are commonly
abnormal when pre-eclampsia is severe.
10. Urinalysis is being done to know if there is an
impairement of the kidneys. What do we need to look for in a
urinalysis report?
A. Elevated calcium level in the urine
B. Elevated protein level in the urine
C. Elevated ketone level in the urine
D. Crystallization of particles in the urine
ANSWER: B
Decreased glomerular permeability caused by the lack of of
blood flow in the kidney due to vasoconstriction that causes
kidney damage
11. Which of the following should alarm the nurse when caring for
a client with severe pre-eclampsia? Select all that applies
A. Blood serum level of 5-8 mg/100 ml
B. 60 ml of urine output in 4 hours
C. Doesn’t respond when asked for the name, address and isn’t
oriented.
D. None of the above
Answer: B,C
Rationale: The normal urine output should be 25 ml/hr or atleast
100 ml in 4 hours. Also, the patient’s consciousness should be
checked by asking simple questions such as name and address.
Inability to answer simple questions can indicate decreased LOC.
Theses symptoms indicate Magnesium sulfate toxicity.
12. what are the possible complications for HELLP or Hemolysis,
Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet.

a. maternal mortality
b. fetal mortality
c. cerebral haemorrhage
d. all of the above

ans d. all of the above because when ecclampsia occur, there

would be a narrowing of blood vessels which leads to decreased
oxygenation throughout the system for both the mother and the
child and since the minute vessels of the brain are fragile, it may
cause cerebral haemorrhage when the blood pressure shoots up
increasing the intracranial pressure.
13. Julia is admitted to the hospital with HELLP
SYNDROME. Upon assessment,the nurse noted
bleeding. With this finding, The nurse should
administer whole blood transfusion.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Rationale: HELLP Syndrome has presence of low
platelet count. In order to increase platelet count, the
nurse should initiate transfusion of fresh frozen
plasma or platelets.
14. In Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, all but one are nursing
interventions for a Mother with Ineffective Tissue Perfusion

a.)Promote Exercise to aid secretion of sodium.

b.) Promote good nutrition, since the woman has still to continue her
usual pregnancy nutrition.

c.)Provide emotional support to establish a trusting relationship and

let the woman voice out her fears.

Answer A.

Rationale: In Patient with PIH, The nurse must aPromote bed rest in a
recumbent position to aid in the secretion of sodium.
15. ______ is the agent most commonly used for treatment of eclampsia and prophylaxis of eclampsia in
patients with severe pre-eclampsia. It is usually given by either the _______or _______.

a.) Magnesium Sulfate, IM, P.O

b.) Calcium Gluconate, IVF, P.O

c.) Calcium Gluconate, IVF, IM

d. Magnesium Sufate, IM and IVF

answer: D.
Rationale
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is the agent most commonly used for treatment of eclampsia and prophylaxis of
eclampsia in patients with severe pre-eclampsia. It is usually given by either the intramuscular or intravenous
routes. The intramuscular regimen is most commonly a 4 g intravenous loading dose, immediately followed by
10 g intramuscularly and then by 5 g intramuscularly every 4 hours in alternating buttocks. The intravenous
regimen is given as a 4 g dose, followed by a maintenance infusion of 1 to 2 g/h by controlled infusion pump