CELLS

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Cytology
•A.K.A. Cell Biology
•Branch of biology that studies cells
•Derived from Greek word
kytos meaning “a hollow vessel” or
“container”
HISTORY OF
CELL
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
•A Dutch naturalist and craftsman.
•He first observed small organisms
which he called animalcules.
•In 1677, he described the
spermatozoa of both insects and
humans.
•He was the first to discover
bacteria, protozoa, and many
other microorganisms.
Robert Hooke
(1635-1703)
•An English botanist
•He was the first to
introduced the term cell
in 1665 out of his
observation from a dead
cork.
•He published a book
called Micrographia.
Robert Brown
(1773-1858)
•A Scottish botanist
•In 1831, he identified a
dark stained-structure
at the center of every
cell.
•He referred to such
structure as nucleus.
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
(1804-1881)
•A German botanist
•In 1838, he proposed
that all plants are
made up of cells.
Theodor Schwann
(1810-1882)
•A German physiologist
•In 1839, he proposed
that all animals are ,
likewise, made up of
cells.
Rudolf Virchow
(1821-1902)
•A German pathologist
•In 1858, he concluded
that cells self-reproduce.
•He proposed that cells
can arise only from the
division of pre-existing
cell.
CELL THEORY
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Cell Theory
1. All organisms are
composed of one or
more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit
of structure and function
of all organisms.
3. All cells arise from pre-
existing cells.
 CELL
STRUCTURE
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Cell Membrane
•A.K.A plasma membrane or plasmalemma
•Boundary between the cell and its external
environment.
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein Lipid bilayer
(cytoplasm) channel
Cell Membrane
•Made up of phospholipid bilayer.
•Semi-permeable
•Very flexible
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein Lipid bilayer
(cytoplasm) channel
Cell Wall
•An additional boundary
surrounding the cells of
plants, fungi and bacteria.
•Cell wall of plants is made
up of cellulose.
•In fungi; chitin, in
bacteria; peptidoglycan.
Cell wall
 Cytoplasm
•Largest part of the cell
where most life processes
occur.
•Jelly-like substance
•Contains different
organelles.
Cytoplasm
 Nucleus Nucleolus

(plural:nuclei)
•Controls all the activities of
the cell.
•It houses the DNA
•DNA contains the hereditary
materials.
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
•Double membrane that
surrounds the nucleus.
•Contains nuclear pores

Nuclear envelope
Mitochondria
(singular: mitochondrion)
•Involved in energy(ATP)
production.
•A.K.A. Powerhouse of
the cells
•Site of cellular
respiration
•Has its own DNA
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Network of canals
through which proteins
and other molecules
are transported.
•Types: Rough and
Smooth

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
•RER (Rough endoplasmic
reticulum): where most
ribosomes are attached
•SER(Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum) produced
steroids(lipids).

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
•Small granular
structures made up of
RNA and proteins.
•Produced in the
nucleus
•Help produce proteins

Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus/Complex
•Membranous organelle
forming a stack of flattened
sacs located very close to ER.
•Looks like a maze with water
droplets splashing of it.
•Responsible for export of
materials to other organelles
or to the outside of the cell. Golgi Apparatus Transport vesicles
Vesicles
•Carry materials into
and out of the cell.
•These materials include
food particles needed
by the cell and waste
products secreted by
the cell.
vesicles
Vacuoles
•Organelles that store
food, water, enzymes, and
other materials needed by
the cell.
•Plant cells contain large
vacuoles, called central
vacuoles, that contains
cell sap. Vacuoles
Plastids
•Found in plant cells, some
protozoans and bacteria.
•The most common plastid
is chloroplast which
contains green pigment,
chlorophyll.
•Chromoplasts: Yellow and
Orange
Plastids
•Leucoplasts:colorless
Lysosomes
•Contains hydrolytic
enzyme called lysozymes.
•This enzyme digests
bacteria, viruses, complex
food particles and damage
cell components.
•It has lipid bilayer.
Lysosome
Cytoskeleton
•Helps cell maintain cell
shape
•Also help move organelles
around
•Made of proteins
•Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of ACTIN
•Microtubules are tubelike &
made of TUBULIN
 Cytoskeleton

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS

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