Water

Transportation
in Pakistan
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
What is Transport ?
• Transport or transportation is the
movement of humans, animals
and goods from one location to another. In
other words the action of transport is
defined as a particular movement of an
organism or thing from a point A to the
Point B.
• GDP From Transport in 2017:
1551714.00PKR Million
• On third number in the world
 Road Railway

Basic Means
of
transportation
Water
Air Transpot
Transport
 Water Transportation
• Water transport is movement by
means of a watercraft—such as
a barge, boat, ship or sailboat—
over a body of water, such as
a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river.
 Advantages:
• 1. Less Maintenance Cost:
Maintenance cost in rail and road
transport is quite high but maintenance cost of water transport
is quite less.
• 2. Cheap:
The transport channel is quite cheap as compared
rail and road Transport.
• 3. Useful for Bulky Goods:
Heavy and bulky goods can be
transported easily at little cost through water transport.
• 4. Useful During Natural Calamities:
During natural
calamities like flood and rains, when rail and road transport is
disrupted, relief operations can be operated through water
transport.
• 5. Helpful in Defence:
Development of shipping is essential for
the defence of the country also. It is also called second line of
defence.
• 6. Important for Foreign Trade:
Water transport plays
important role in foreign trade. India’s foreign trade is mainly
dependent on water transport.
 Disadvantages
• 1. Slow Speed:
It is a slow means of transport.
Failure of monsoon results into fall in the water
level of rivers making navigation difficult.
• 2. More Risky:
Water transport is more risky as
compared to other means because there is always
danger of sinking ships or boats.
 rivers

Inland canals

Types of water l lakes

transport
Costal
shipping
ocean
Overseas
shipping
 Inland water transportation
• Rivers:
Rivers are a natural waterway which can
be used as a means of transport. They are suitable
for small boats as well as big barrages. River
transport played a very important role prior to the
development of modern means of land transport.
Their importance has gradually declined on
account of more reliable and cheaper transport
services offered by the railways.
• Canals:
They are artificial waterways made for the
purpose of irrigation or navigation or both. Canal
transport requires a huge amount of capital investment
in construction and maintenance of its track i.e., the
artificial waterways. The cost of the canal transport is,
therefore, higher than that of river transport. To add to
it, the cost of providing water for the canals is also a
very big problem of canal transport.
• Lakes:
Lakes can be either natural like rivers or artificial
like canals.
In Pakistan:
• Less scope in Pakikstan
• Due to
• 1. Slow working
• 2. Limited Area of Operation
• 3. Seasonal Character
• 4. Unreliable
• 5. Unsuitable for Small Business
• Islamabad (June 20, 2013) “Transport your cargo through rivers
and canals; save the money and environment; also earn money
for carbon credits”, was the unanimous call of navigation experts,
surveyors, industrialists, government bodies and legal fellows in
a seminar that explored potential, progress and strategies of
inland water transport in Pakistan.
• The seminar organized by the Institute of Policy Studies,
Islamabad was the first public seminar on this subject of vital
importance and huge unexplored potential.
• The speakers included Naeem Sarfraz, former chairman, Maritime
Task Force, Imtiaz Tajwar, secretary, WAPDA, Riaz Khan, technical
advisor, Agritech Ltd, and Commodore M. Azhar, former DG,
Gwadar Port Authority, while Mirza Hamid Hasan, former
secretary, water and power was in chair.
• The panelists observed that the extensive river and canal network
of Pakistan was used over centuries for transportation. There was
no cargo movement on the waterways now, despite the fact that
huge fuel savings can be achieved in the country, which was
highly dependent on expensive imported fuel. The fuel saved can
be used for critical power generation.
A test run
• The government of Punjab (GoP) has taken the
initiative to test start a 200 kilometre commercial
waterway in the Indus River between Attock and
Daudkhel. Through a public private partnership,
GoP has established the Inland Water Transport
Development Company (IWTDC). The company’s
mission is to ultimately connect Port Qasim with
Nowshehra.
• By recognizing the benefits of inland waterways as the safest,
cheapest and cleanest mode of transport- Government of Punjab has
taken the initiative and set up Inland Water Transport Development
Company (IWTDC), under Section 42 of the Companies Act 2017.
Government of Punjab is providing funding and full support to the
Company to develop and practically demonstrate the benefits of
water transport.
Overview of Inland Water Transport Regime
• A multi-modal transport system that incorporates rivers, canals, and
road and rail systems under a federally approved master plan is
imperative for Pakistan.
• Several main rivers and canals in Pakistan have the potential for
navigation and transport goods and passengers after remodeling.
• Mission
• To create an inland water transport system along the corridor of Indus
River from Port Qasim to Nowshera maintaining a reliable, safe,
environment friendly and cheap inland water transport system for the
economic prosperity of the country and its citizens.
 Advantages of Inland Water Transport System
• Cheap, safe and economical transport system is evident from following:
• 1 liter of fuel can take 1 ton of cargo upto 180 km over waterways as
compared to 25 km by road or 75 km by rail. The saving in fuel and in foreign
exchange is phenomenal and permanently recurring.
• Cost of goods transport by water is cheap, less than half that by road.
• Cost of developing waterways is 80% lower than cost of constructing
highways.
• Cost of maintaining waterways is marginal as compared to maintaining
roads and railways.
• Developed waterways have immense potential of creating new zones for
industry and tourism.
• Environmentally more friendly than road and rail network due to fuel usage
and other related reasons: Lower emissions result in winning carbon credits,
which translates into substantial savings in dollars.
• Will provide job facilities
Channel Clearance
• Massive Rock blasting channel widening and marking was
carried out to remove obstacles. The Pilot Project stretches
220 Km from Attock to Daudkhel on the Northern part of
River Indus. The Company’s vision is to facilitate, encourage
and enable the use of a vast network of waterways from
Karachi to the North throughout the country for cargo and
passenger movement. For this the first requirement is to
make a safe navigation channel. Survey and blasting
operations were carried out on a war footing and in a very
organized manner in order to provide a safe and secure
passage. The technical team has expertise in the field of
controlled explosive blasting, a delicate task requiring
meticulous planning and execution.
• Although expertise in this field is very limited, our team has
made the dream into reality. Water way transportation
• Construction of Base at Daudkhel
• Ship Construction in Punjab - First Time Ever
• The first ship capable of carrying 300 tons of cargo has been built at
Daudkhel, Mianwali, despite the fact that there was no shipyard, no
workshop facility and not even a slipway in the area. In spite of these
limitations, local workers have joined hands with experts from
Karachi to build the ship in this remote locality; no doubt it’s a
remarkable achievement unique in the country’s history.
• Ship construction activities started along the river indus at Daudkhel,
Mianwali.

• Riverine Tourism
• IWTDC inducted Indus Pride (tourist ferry) to start riverine tourism
from Barotha to Kalabagh at river Indus
 Ocean
transportation
Ocean transport
Ocean transport is indispensable for foreign
trade. It has brought the different parts of
the world closer and has knitted together all
the nations of the world into one big world
market. It operates on a natural track, i.e.,
the sea and does not require any
investment in the construction and
maintenance of its track. It is, obviously, the
cheapest mode of transport.
• Ocean transport includes:
1. Coastal Shipping:
• It is one of the most important means of transport
for carrying goods from one part to another in a
country. It is a cheaper and quicker mode of
transport and is most suitable for carrying heavy,
bulky and cheap traffic like coal, iron ore, etc. to
distant places. But it can serve only limited areas.
Earlier, coastal shipping in India was mainly in the
hands of foreign shipping companies. But now from
1951 onwards, it is exclusively reserved for Indian
ships.
 Overseas Shipping:
• (i) Liners:

Liners are the ships which have regular fixed

routes, time and charges. They are, usually, a collection of
vessels under one ownership, i.e., a fleet. They provide a
uniform and regular service. Liners sail on scheduled dates
and time, whether full of cargo or not.
 (ii) Tramps:
• Tramps are ships which have no fixed routes. They have no
set rules or rate schedule. Usually, they do not sail till they
have full cargo. They can be chartered by exporters and are
ready to sail anywhere and at any time. They are not as fast
in speed as liners. Tramps are more suitable to carry
seasonal and bulky goods.
 (iii) Tankers:
• Tankers are the vessels which are specially designed to
carry oil, petrol and such other liquids. They have a large
capacity, 2 to 3 lakh tons of oil, and very shortly, we may
have super tankers with a capacity of about 10 lakh tons of
oil.
Rivers of Pakistan
coastline of Pakistan
coastline of Pakistan
• Divide into two
1. Makran coast
2. Sindh coast
• Total coastline is of 1000 approximately.
• 250 km is the Sindh coast
• 750km is the Makran coast.
 Sindh coast
• We will discus upon the two ports
•KEAMARI PORT
•PORT BIN QASIM
 KEAMARI PORT
• The port at Karachi is located to the west of the
Indus delta on the Arabian sea.
• It is a deep natural sea port with a long approach
channel and receives tankers, containers, bulk, and
general cargo ships.
• The port comprises a deep natural harbour with an
11 kilometre long approach channel which provides
safe navigation for vessels up to 75,000 tonnes .
• The main areas of port activity are two wharves; East Wharf with
seventeen vessel berths and West Wharf with thirteen vessel berths.
The maximum depth alongside the berths is currently 11.3 metres.
The two wharves extend in opposite directions along the upper
harbour – the East Wharf northeast from Kiamari Island and the West
Wharf southwest from Saddar town.
• The two wharves each include a container terminal:
• Karachi International Container Terminal (KICT) opened in 1996 at
West Wharf berths 28-30. It has a handling capacity of 300,000
TEU’s(twenty-foot equivalent unit) per annum and handles container
ships up to 11-metre draught. The total quay length is 600 metres
divided into two container berths. The terminal is equipped with
three big cranes and one smallcrane.
• Pakistan International Bulk Terminal (PIBT) in 2002 at East Wharf
berths 6-9. It has a handling capacity of 350,000 TEUs per annum and
handles container ships up to 11.5-metre draught. The total quay
length is 600 metres divided into two container berths. The terminal
is equipped with two Panamax cranes.
• There are also three liquid cargo-handling berths (oil
piers), two ship repair jetties and a shipyard and
engineering facility.
Facilities
• Construction of Flyover bridges.
• Reconstruction of berths to handle increasing volumes
of cargo.
• Provisions of navigational devices and radars.
• Environmental protection equipments.
• Improvements
• Building more container terminals
• Electricity, Roads, Gas, and all infrastructural facilities
are available.
 PORT BIN QASIM
• Port Qasim, is a deep water seaport in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, on
the coastline of the Arabian Sea. It is Pakistan's second busiest port,
handling about 35% of the nation's cargo (17 million tons per annum).
Port Qasim and Karachi Port, the busiest port of country, together
handle more than 90% of all external trade of Pakistan.
• The port encompasses a total area of 12,000 acres (49 km2) wherein
many industrial zones operate. In addition to the Pakistan Steel
Mills (PSM) and KESC Bin Qasim Power Plant, around 80% of the
Pakistan's automotive industry is located at Port Qasim. The port also
provides direct waterfront access to two major nearby industrial
areas, Export Processing Zone (Landhi) and Korangi Industrial Area.
Approximately 60% of country's export and import is originated from
these areas. Port Qasim is managed by Port Qasim Authority, a semi-
autonomous government body.
• The country’s first Integrated Cargo Container Control (IC3) facility is
being constructed at Port Qasim with a joint investment over US$ 8
million by Pakistan Customs and the US Customs.
• Night navigation facilities are available at the port.
• Contains all the modern machineries to relieve the pressure at the
kimari port and for handling raw materials for Pakistan steel .
• Enables the transport of iron ore, coal, grain, furnace oil, edible oil,
LPG containers, jut, etc.
• Have Multipurpose Terminal with 4 berths each of 200m wieghing
over 35,000 tones.
• Have a container terminal with 3 berths of 712m each weighing over
45000 tones.
• Have a Liquid Chemical Terminal weighing over 75000 tones.
• Have an oil terminal weighing over 75000 tones.
 Makran Coast
• We will discus only about:

GWADER PORT
 GWADER PORT
• The Gwadar Port is a deep-sea port situated on
the Arabian Sea at Gwadar in Balochistan province
of Pakistan.
• The port features prominently in the China–
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plan, and is
considered to be a link between the ambitious One
Belt, One Roadand Maritime Silk Road projects.It is
about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Turbat,
and 170 kilometres (110 mi) to the east of Chabaha
Port in Iran's port Sistan and Baluchestan Province.
• Gwadar Port is being developed in two phases:
• Phase I (2002–2006)
• The first phase of construction at Gwadar Port began in 2002, and was
completed in 2006, before inauguration in 2007.
• Berths: 3 Multipurpose Berths (capacity: bulk carriers of
30,000 deadweight tonnage [DWT] and container vessels of 25,000
DWT).
• Length of Berths: 602 m in total
• Approach Channel: 4.5 km long dredged to 12.5 m depth
• Turning basin: 450 m diameter
• Service Berth: One 100 m Service Berth
• Related port infrastructure and handling equipment, pilot boats, tugs,
survey vessels, etc.
• Built at a cost of $248 million.
• Phase II (ongoing)
• 4 Container Berths along 3.2 kilometres of shoreline
• 1 Bulk Cargo Terminal (capacity: 100,000 DWT ships)
• 1 Grain Terminal
• 1 Ro-Ro Terminal
• 2 Oil Terminals (capacity: 200,000 DWT ships each)
• Approach Channel: To be dredged to 14.5 m depth
• 6 lane East Bay Expressway to connect the port to the Makran
Coastal Highway
• New international airport to be built in vicinity of the port
• Floating liquefied natural gas terminal with capacity of 500 million
cubic feet of gas per day
• 2,292 acre special economic zone to be developed adjacent to port
• Desalination plant
• 360 megawatt coal-fired power plant
 Expansion under Pak China economic corridor
• The Western Alignment of CPEC is depicted by the red line. The 1,153
kilometre route will link the M1 Motorway near Islamabad with Gwadar
Port. The Western Alignment will also connect to the Karakoram Highway,
which is being rebuilt and overhauled as part of CPEC to provide improved
access to Gilgit Baltistan and the Chinese region of Xinjiang.
• Under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor plan, China Overseas Port
Holding Company (COPHC) will expand Gwadar Port with construction of
nine new multipurpose berths on 3.2 kilometres of seafront to the east of
the existing multipurpose berths. COPHC will also build cargo terminals in
the 12 kilometres of land to the north and northwest of the site along the
shoreline of the Demi Zirr bay.
• In total, COPHC has awarded $1.02 billion worth of contracts for expansion
of the port. In addition to construction of nine berths and cargo terminals,
plans for expanded port infrastructure also include several projects that will
be financed by loans extended by Chinese state owned banks. The Gwadar
Port dredging project will deepen approach channels to a depth of 14
meters from the current 11.5-meter depth, at a cost of $27 million. Dredging
will enable docking of larger ships with a deadweight tonnage of up to
70,000 at Gwadar Port, while current capacity permits a maximum 20,000
DWT. Future plans call for dredging of the harbour to a depth of 20 meters
to allow for docking of larger vessels. Also included as part of the CPEC
infrastructure development package for port infrastructure is a
$130 million breakwater around the port.
• Ancillary infrastructure projects for the port will also be built as part of
CPEC. A $114 million desalination plant will be developed to provide potable
water to the city, while the Government of Pakistan will also contribute
$35 million towards infrastructure projects in the Gwadar Special Economic
ZoneA 19 kilometre-long dual carriageway known as the Gwadar East Bay
Expressway will also be built at a cost of $140 million to connect Gwadar
Port to the existing Makran Coastal Highway and the planned
$230 million Gwadar International Airport.
• A floating liquefied natural gas facility that will have a capacity of 500
million cubic feet of liquified natural gas per day will also be built at the port
as part of the $2.5 billion Gwadar-Nawabshah segment of the Iran–Pakistan
gas pipeline which is being built as a joint venture between Pakistan's Inter
State Gas System, and the China National Petroleum Corporation.The
Pakistani government also intends to establish a training institute
named Pak-China Technical and Vocational Institute at Gwadar which is to
be completed at the cost of 943 million rupees to impart skills to local
residents to train them to operate machinery at the port.
• It is expected that by 2017, the port will handle over one million tons of
cargo, most of which will consist of construction materials for other CPEC
projects. COPHC plans to eventually expand the port's capacity to 400
million tons of cargo per year. Long terms plans for Gwadar Port call for a
total of 100 berths to be built by 2045.
Pakistan National Shipping Corporation
• On 1 January 1974, President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto nationalized National Shipping Corporation (NSC) and
Pakistan Shipping Corporation (PSC) and other private shipping
companies. Nine private shipping companies with a total of 26 ships
were nationalized. The national fleet strength increased to 51 vessels
including 26 ships under the management of nine nationalized
companies and 25 ships with the state-owned NSC. In 1977, 14 ships
were inducted in the Pakistan Shipping Corporation (PSC) during the
Fifth Five-Year Plan. Two years later, NSC and PSC were merged to
form the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC) which still
remains the sole state-owned shipping corporation.
• Later other nationalized companies were also merged into a single
company as the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation,
incorporated under the provisions of the Pakistan National Shipping
Corporation Ordinance of 1979 and the Companies Ordinance of
1984, respectively. The total fleet strength increased to 60 ships with
the induction of 14 vessels in the late 1970s and early 1980s. PNSC
enjoyed a complete monopoly till the early 1990s when the shipping
sector was deregulated by the Nawaz Sharif government.
• Established to develop the maritime shipping industry and improve
the shipping and ocean transport services.
• To serve as an operative link between major trading countries
• To maintain a stabilizing influence on the fright rates
• To ser foreign exchange and to provide a strategic link in case of any
emergency
Ahmed Nouman Tahir gave a presentation on “water transportation in Pakistan” in DPS Model
town Lahore , Pakistan.