Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources

Chapter 7
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e

Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources
Managing Data Resources
7.1 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

Objectives
1. Why do businesses have trouble finding the

information they need in their information
systems?
2. How does a database management system help

businesses improve the organization of their
information?

Objectives
3. How do the principal types of database models

affect the way businesses can access and use
information?
4. What are the managerial and organizational

requirements of a database environment?
5. What new tools and technologies can make

databases more accessible and useful?

Management Challenges
1. Organizational obstacles to a database

environment
2. Cost/benefit considerations

Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment
File Organization Terms and Concepts
• Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
• Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character

• Field: Group of words or complete number
• Record: Group of related fields
• File: Group of records of the same type

File Organization Terms and Concepts
• Database: Group of related files

• Entity: Person, place, thing, or event about which
information must be kept
• Attribute: A piece of information describing a
particular entity
• Key field: Field that uniquely identifies every
record in a file

The data hierarchy
Figure 7-1
Entities and attributes
Figure 7-2
Problems with the Traditional File Environment
• Data redundancy
• Program-data dependence
• Lack of flexibility
• Poor security
• Lack of data-sharing and availability

Traditional file processing
Figure 7-3
The Database Approach to Data Management
Database Management Systems
Database
• Collection of centralized data
• Controls redundant data
• Data stored so as to appear to users in one location
• Services multiple application

The contemporary database environment
Figure 7-4
Database Management System (DBMS)

• Creates and maintains databases
• Eliminates requirement for data definition
statements
• Acts as interface between application programs
and physical data files
• Separates logical and physical views of data

Three Components to a DBMS

1. Data definition language: Formal language
programmers use to specify structure of database
2. Data manipulation language: For extracting data
from database, e.g. SQL
3. Data dictionary: Tool for storing, organizing
definitions of data elements and data
characteristics

Sample data dictionary report
Figure 7-5
How a DBMS Solves Problems of a

Traditional File Environment
• Reduces data redundancy
• Eliminates data inconsistency
• Uncouples programs from data
• Increases access and availability of data
• Allows central management of data, data use, and
security

Types of Databases
Relational DBMS
• Represents data as two-dimensional tables called
relations
• Relates data across tables based on common data

element
• Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server

The relational data model
Figure 7-6
Types of Databases
Three Basic Operations in a Relational

Database
• Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific
criteria
• Join: Combines relational tables to provide users
with information
• Project: Enables users to create new tables
containing only relevant information

The three basic operations of a relational DBMS
Figure 7-7
Types of Databases
Hierarchical DBMS
• Older system presenting data in tree-like structure
• Models one-to-many parent-child relationships
• Found in large legacy systems requiring intensive high-

volume transactions: Banks; insurance companies
• Examples: IBMs IMS

A hierarchical database for a human resources system
Figure 7-8
Types of Databases
Network DBMS
• Older logical database model
• Models many-to-many parent-child relationships
• Example: Student – course relationship: Each
student has many courses; each course has many
students

The network data model
Figure 7-9
Types of Databases
Disadvantages of Hierarchical and

Network DBMS
• Outdated
• Less flexible compared to RDBMS
• Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like

queries

Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases (OODBMS)

• Stores data and procedures as objects
• Better able to handle graphics and recursive data
• Data models more flexible
• Slower than RDBMS
• Hybrid: object-relational DBMS

Creating a Database Environment
Designing Databases
Two Design Exercises in Creating Database

• Conceptual (logical) design: Abstract model of
database from business perspective
• Physical design: How the database is actually
arranged on direct access storage devices

Designing Databases
Conceptual Database Design

• Identifies relationships between data elements
• Identifies most efficient way to group data
elements
• Identifies redundant data elements
• Identifies grouping of data elements needed for
specific applications

Designing Databases
Entity-Relationship Diagram
A methodology for documenting databases that
illustrates the relationship between various
elements in the database
Normalization
The process of creating small, stable, and adaptive
data structures from complex groups of data when
designing a relational database

An entity-relationship diagram
Figure 7-10
An unnormalized relation for ORDER
Figure 7-11
A normalized relation for ORDER
Figure 7-12
Distributing Databases
Distributed Database
• Partitioned or replicated to more than one location
• Increases service and responsiveness
• Reduces vulnerability of single, massive central site
• Depend on telecommunication lines
• Pose security risks through distribution of sensitive data
• Central data must be updated or justified with local data

Distributed databases
Figure 7-13
Key organizational elements in the database environment
Figure 7-14
Management Requirements for Database Systems
Data Administration
• Develop information policy
• Define information requirements
• Plan for data
• Oversee logical database design and database
dictionary development
• Monitor use of information

Data Planning and Modeling Methodology

• Enterprise-wide planning for data
• Identify key entities, attributes, and relationships
that constitute the organization’s data

Database Technology, Management,

and Users
• Databases require DBMS software and staff
• Database design group defines and organizes
structure and content of database
• Database administration: establish physical
database, logical relations, access rules

Database Trends
Multidimensional Data Analysis
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

• Multidimensional data analysis
• Enables users to view the same data in different
ways using multiple dimensions
• Each aspect of information – product, price,
region – represents a different dimension

Database Trends
Multidimensional data model
Figure 7-15
Database Trends
Data Warehouses and Datamining
• Data warehouse: Stores current and historical data

for reporting, analysis
• Data mart: Subset of data warehouse with
summary of data for specific users
• Datamining: Techniques to find hidden patterns,
relationships in large pools of data to infer rules
for predicting future trends

Database Trends
Components of a data warehouse
Figure 7-16
Database Trends
Benefits of Data Warehouses

• Improved information and accessibility
• Ability to model and remodel data
• Enable access to data without affecting
performance of underlying operational legacy
systems

Database Trends
Window on Management
Data Reveal New Sales Opportunities

• How did the use of data warehouses and
datamining help management at these companies
make better decisions?
• What value do these systems provide?

Database Trends
Hypermedia database
• Organizes data as network of nodes
• Links nodes in pattern specified by user
• Supports text, graphic, sound, video and
executable programs

Database Trends
A hypermedia database
Figure 7-17
Database Trends
Databases and the Web
Linking Internal Databases to the Web

• Database server:
– Hosts DBMS
– Receives SQL requests
– Provides required data
• Middleware:
– Works between Web server and DBMS to take requests
– Handles connectivity to database
– Can be application server or CGI scripts

Database Trends
Linking internal databases to the Web
Figure 7-18
Database Trends
Databases and the Web
Advantages to Web Access to Databases

• Browser software easy to use; little training
• Web interface requires no changes to internal
database
• Costs less than custom interfaces

Database Trends
Window on Technology
Web Access for Royal Bank Statements

Pays Off
• What are the business benefits of providing a Web
interface for the Bankbook Reconstruct
application?
• What value does this application provide the
company and its customers?

Chapter 7 Case Study
Database Woes Plague Homeland Security and Law Enforcement
1. Briefly summarize why it is important to connect

much of the data in many of the federal, state, and
local information systems.
2. Describe the major data management problems in
bringing these data together.
3. Describe the management, organization, and
technology issues that need to be addressed to make
these data easily available to those who need it.

Chapter 7 Case Study
Database Woes Plague Homeland Security and Law Enforcement
4. Suppose you are a consultant to the federal

government. Based on what you have read in
this chapter, suggest and describe three
approaches you might recommend for making
this massive amount of data easily and quickly
available when needed.

Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources

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Chapter 7

Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e

Managing Data Resources

7.1 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

1. Why do businesses have trouble finding the

2. How does a database management system help

7.2 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

3. How do the principal types of database models

4. What are the managerial and organizational

5. What new tools and technologies can make

7.3 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

1. Organizational obstacles to a database

7.4 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

File Organization Terms and Concepts

• Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)

• Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character

7.5 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

File Organization Terms and Concepts

• Database: Group of related files

7.6 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

The data hierarchy

Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

Entities and attributes

Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

Problems with the Traditional File Environment

• Lack of data-sharing and availability

7.9 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

Traditional file processing

The Database Approach to Data Management

Database Management Systems

• Services multiple application

7.11 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

The Database Approach to Data Management

The contemporary database environment

The Database Approach to Data Management

Database Management Systems

Database Management System (DBMS)

7.13 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

The Database Approach to Data Management

Database Management Systems

Three Components to a DBMS

7.14 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

The Database Approach to Data Management

Sample data dictionary report

The Database Approach to Data Management

Database Management Systems

How a DBMS Solves Problems of a

7.16 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

The Database Approach to Data Management

• Relates data across tables based on common data

7.17 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

The Database Approach to Data Management

The relational data model

The Database Approach to Data Management

Three Basic Operations in a Relational

7.19 © 2005 by Prentice Hall

The Database Approach to Data Management

The three basic operations of a relational DBMS

The Database Approach to Data Management