Radio Frequency Over

Optical Fiber
Guided by
Mr.M.SURENDER

Presented by
SAI KRISHNA.B(161FA05004)
BHARATH KUMAR.K(161FA05016)
VENKATA SURENDRA.M(161FA05036)
JAGADEESH.S(161FA05203)
SAI TEJA.A(171LA05007)
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ROF TECHNIQUE
3. ROF SYSTEM NETWORK
4. GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
5. IC’S IN TX AND RX
6. ROF TX AND RX
7. INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
8. PARAMETERS CALCULATED
9. ADVANTAGES
10.APPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION
Need for Optical Fiber Communication?
 Enormous Bandwidth
 Low Transmission Loss
 Immunity to Cross Talk
 Electric Isolation
 Small Size and weight
 Signal Security
 Low Cost and Availability
 Reliability
Comparison of Losses in RF and Optical Fiber :
 So their is need to reduce the losses, Because The signal which is
received from the satellite is very small power and gain in –dB's due
various losses at various layers of atmosphere,Even if we use LNA’s
their after if we use RF cable as a transmission medium between the
Earth station Antenna’s and control station their may be possibility of
loss in the signal,Because of RF cable incurs many losses like
EMI,Attenuation is high .
 We need to go for Optical fiber as a medium of transport,which have
more advantages compared to RF cables and mainly the losses in
Optical Fiber cable are less in contrast with RF cables.
Radio Frequency over Fiber (ROF) Technique:
ROF is the Integration of wireless and fibre optic communication
technologies and modulating wireless signals over optical carrier for
transporting over fibre optic cable for low signal attenuation.

Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) technology entails the use of optical fiber links to

distribute RF signals from a central location (headend) to Remote Antenna
Units (RAUs) and Vice versa.
ROF System network:
General block diagram for ROF:
Detailed TX Block Diagram:
RX BLOCK DIAGRAM:
 Operationof ROF Technique:
Radio over Fiber (RoF) refers to an analog transmission over fiber technology whereby light is amplitude
modulated by a radio signal and transmitted over an optical fiber link to facilitate wireless access.
Although radio transmission over fiber is used for multiple purposes, such as in cable television (CATV)
networks and in satellite base stations, the term RoF is usually applied when this is done for wireless
access.
In RoF systems, wireless signals are transported in optical form between a central station and a set of base
stations before being radiated through the air. Each base station is adapted to communicate over a radio
link with at least one user’s mobile station located within the radio range of said base station.

ROF takes an RF signal and processes it through an optical link. The optical link consists of:
 A light source to act as an optical carrier, usually provided by a laser diode. This
semiconductor laser is controlled by forward-biasing the semiconductor junction. Due to the
physical properties of fiber-optic cable, certain frequencies have less attenuation. The optical
frequencies used most often are:
• LED: 780nm, 850nm, 1300nm
• Laser: 1310, 1550nm, 1625nm
 The optical transmission medium: A single-mode fiber-optic cable. Single-
mode has a lower number of light reflections, which lowers attenuation and
allows the signal to go further than multimode. Doped optical fibers, like
erbium doped cables, provide amplification by pumping the core of the fiber to
produce gain.
 Attenuator:An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a
signal without appreciably distorting its waveform and protects the Tx device
and Rx which are desired to work at low power levels since the signals from
the satellite are in the range of –dBs .
IC’s in Transmitter and Receiver :
1.NBB-310 (CASCADABLE BROADBAND GaAs MMIC
AMPLIFIER DC TO 12GHz)
2. HMC424LP3(0.5dB LSB GaAs MMIC 6-BIT DIGITAL
ATTENUATOR, DC - 13 GHz)
3.LM1117(voltage Regulator).
4. TS922( RAIL TO RAIL OP-AMP)
5. MAX4007/MAX4008(currenet moniter circuit for photo diode)
6. Coaxial DFB Laser Diode (1550 nm CWDM 5 MHz – 4000 MHz)
7. LTC1983-5 IC
8. RSB16VATR(5.1V ZENER DIODE):
9. 2651A/2651E BROADBAND PHOTODIODE
1.NBB-310 (CASCADABLE BROADBAND GaAs MMIC AMPLIFIER DC TO 12GHz):

The NBB-310 cascadable broadband InGaP/GaAs MMIC amplifier is a low-cost, high-performance

solution for general purpose RF and microwave amplification needs. This 50Ω gain block is based on a
reliable HBT proprietary MMIC design, providing unsurpassed performance for small-signal applications.
Designed with an external bias resistor, the NBB-310 provides flexibility and stability. The NBB-310 is
packaged in a low-cost, surface-mount ceramic package, providing ease of assembly for high-volume tape-
and-reel requirements. It is available in either packaged or chip (NBB-310-D) form, where it's gold
metallization is ideal for hybrid circuit designs.

FEATURES
• Reliable, Low-Cost HBT Design
• 13dB Gain
• High P1dB of +15.2dBm at
• 6GHz
• Single Power Supply Operation
• 50Ω I/O Matched for High Freq.
2.HMC424LP3(0.5dB LSB GaAs MMIC 6-BIT DIGITAL ATTENUATOR, DC - 13 GHz):

The HMC424LP3 & HMC424LP3E are broadband 6-bit GaAs IC digital attenuators in low cost leadless
surface mount packages. Covering DC to 13 GHz, the insertion loss is less than 4 dB typical. The
attenuator bit values are 0.5 (LSB), 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 dB for a total attenuation of 31.5 dB. Attenuation
accuracy is excellent at ± 0.5 dB typical step error with an IIP3 of +32 dBm. Six control voltage inputs,
toggled between 0 and -5V, are used to select each attenuation state. A single Vee bias of -5V allows
operation at frequencies down to DC.

FEATURES:
• 0.5 dB LSB Steps to 31.5 dB
• Single Control Line Per Bit
• ± 0.5 dB Typical Bit Error
• 9mm2 Leadless SMT Plastic Package
3.LM1117(voltage Regulator):

The LM1117 is a low power positive-voltage regulator designed to meet 1A output current and comply
with SCSI-II specifications with a fixed output voltage of 2.85V. This device is an excellent choice for
use in battery-powered applications, as active terminators for the SCSI bus, and portable computers.
The LM1117 features very low quiescent current and very low dropout voltage of 700mV at a full load
and lower as output current decreases. LM1117 is available as an adjustable or fixed 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V,
2.85V,3.0V, 3.3V, and 5.0V output voltages. The LM1117 is offered in a 3-pin surface mount package
SOT-223 & TO-263. The output capacitor of 10㎌ or larger is needed for output stability of LM1117 as
required by most of the other regulator circuits

FEATURES
● Low Dropout Voltage (700mV at 1A Output Current )
● Three Terminal Adjustable or Fixed 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 2.85V,3.0V, 3.3V, 5.0V
● 2.85V Device for SCSI-II Active Terminator
● 0.04% Line Regulation, 0.1% Load Regulation
● Very Low Quiescent Current
4.TS922( RAIL TO RAIL OP-AMP):

The TS922 is a RAIL TO RAIL dual Bi CMOS operational amplifier optimized and fully specified
for 3V and 5V operation. High output current allows low load impedances to be driven. The
TS922exhibitsa very low noise, low distortion, low offset, and high output current capability
making this device an excellent choice for high quality, low voltage or battery operated audio
systems. The device is stable for capacitive loads up to 500pF.

FEATURES:
• Rail to rail input and output .lownoise : 9nv .low distortion high output current : 80mA
• High speed : 4mhz, 1.3v/ms .operating from 2.7v to 12v low input offset voltage : 900mv max
• ESD internal protection : 2kv .latch-up immunity micromodel included in this specification
5.MAX 4007 IC:

DESCRIPTION:
The MAX4007/MAX4008 precision, high-side, high-voltage current monitors are specifically
designed for monitoring photodiode current in fiber applications. They offer a connection point
for the reference current and a monitor output that produces a signal proportional to the
reference current. The monitor output of the MAX4007 is a current proportional to the reference
current. The monitor output of the MAX4008 is a voltage proportional to the reference current.
The current monitors have six decades of dynamic range and monitor reference currents of 250nA
to 2.5mA with better than5% accuracy. The photodiode current can be monitored from 10nA to
10mA with reduced accuracy. The MAX4007/MAX4008 accepts a supply voltage of +2.7V to +76V,
suitable for APD or PIN photodiode applications.

FEATURES:
• Wide Reference Current Dynamic Range
• Guaranteed 250nA to 2.5mA with 5% Monitor
• Accuracy
• Extended 10nA to 10mA with 10% Monitor
• Current (MAX4007) or Voltage (MAX4008) Monitor Outputs
6.Coaxial DFB Laser Diode (1550 nm CWDM 5 MHz – 4000 MHz):

EMCORE’s Model 1955 DFB lasers offer a low cost solution for linear fiber optic links. These
components can be cooled with external thermo-electric coolers for high stability, or run without
TEC’s to reduce power consumption. The DFB laser builds upon Ortel's long history of high
performance, leading-edge designs in CATV, wireless, and high speed digital applications. The
laser diode devices are packaged in a compact hermetic assembly together with monitor
photodiode and isolator, for flexible integration into various transmitter configurations.
7.LTC1983-5 IC:
The LTCR1983-3 and LTC1983-5 are inverting charge pump DC/DC converters that produce negative
regulated outputs. The parts require only three tiny external capacitors and can provide up to 100mA of
output current. The devices can operate in open loop mode (creating a –VIN supply) or regulated output
mode depending on the input supply voltage and the output current. The LTC1983-3/LTC1983-5 has
many useful features for portable applications including very low quiescent current (25μA typical) and a
zero current shutdown mode programmed through the SHDN pin. The LTC1983-3/LTC1983-5 are over-
temperature and short-circuit protected. The parts are available in a 6-pin low profile (1mm) Thin SOT
package.
FEATURES:
 Fixed Output Voltages: –3V, –5V or Low Noise VIN to –VIN Inverted Output
 ±4% Output Voltage Accuracy
 Low Quiescent Current: 25μA
 100mA Output Current Capability
8.RSB16VATR(5.1V ZENER DIODE):

RSB16VA is a bi-directional Zener diode having two Zener confronted in one package, aimed
to absorb the surge in plus and minus directions arising from the signal line in mobile phone,
consumer electronics such as PC, and automotive applications. In general, two pieces of Zener
diodes are used as ESD protector to absorb the surge in +/ - directions. Paying attention to this
point and using its original technology, ROHM succeeded to incorporate 2 Zener in one
die/package for benefit of space-saving on the circuit board.

FEATURES
• Absorption of plus & minus surge with one package
• Decrease of components and space-saving on the circuit board.
9.2651A/2651E BROADBAND PHOTODIODE:
2651 provides the proven high performance of EMCORE's photodiode technology in a very
practical, cost effective package. The 2651A features high linearity and low capacitance over a 1 GHz
bandwidth. The extended bandwidth 2651E offers high linearity and low capacitance up to 3 GHz.
These broadband photodiodes are housed in a small, environmentally rugged coaxial package. The
2651 broadband photodetector is designed to provide the performance and flexibility needed to meet
the expanding applications of two-way communications networks. This photodiode is used today in
forward-and return-path applications, including AM-VSB CATV, QAM 64/256, PON, FTTC and
FTTH receivers.
FEATURES:
 Low Cost Package
 Low Capacitance, < 0.4 pF
 Low Dark Current < 50 nA at +85°C
• 1 GHz Flat Response, + 0.5 dB
• Extended Bandwidth Option
LASER SAFETY:
This product meets the appropriate standard in Title 21 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR). FDA/CDRH Class 1 laser product. This device has been classified
with the FDA/CDRH under accession number 0220191.All version of this laser are
Class 1 laser product, tested according to IEC 60825-1:2007/EN 60825-1:2007Single-
mode fiber pigtail with SC/APC connectors (standard).
Wavelength = 1.3 μm.
Maximum power = 50 mW.
Because of size constraints, laser safety labeling (including an FDA class 1 label)
is not affixed to the module but attached to the outside of the shipping carton. The
product is not shipped with power supply.
The ROF Transmitter and Receiver:

ROF Transmitter ROF Receiver

Inputs and Outputs:

Input:
Parameters calculated:
 Input Signal Frequency : 500MHz
 RF input power level : -50dbm
 Output power obtained : -50.37dbm
 Link Gain : 0db
 Gain Margin : +/-1dB
 Dynamic range of RoF : -80dbm to-15dbm
 RF cable losses : -1.03dbm
Output:
Advantages of ROF Technique:
 Low Attenuation
 Low Complexity
 Lower cost
 Easy Installation and Maintenance
 Large Bandwidth
 Reduced Power Consumption
 No RF Interference
 No EMI/EMC.
Applications of ROF Technique:
 Cellular network: Radio-over-Fiber (ROF) technology could be a best option to use in cellular
system for cell optimization method since it will simply be utilized in millimeter wave band and
additionally it will scale back the system overall price. Mobile traffic is relayed between base station and
central station via ROF system
 Wireless LANs: As portable devices and computers have become more and more powerful as well as
widespread, RoF can be used to distribute wireless LAN signals operating at 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz
 Satellite Communication: One of the applications involves the remoting of antennas to suitable
locations at satellite earth stations. In this case, small optical fiber links of less than 1km and operating at
frequencies between 1 GHz and 15 GHz are used. By so doing, high frequency equipment can be
centralized. The second application involves the remoting of earth stations themselves. With the use of
Radio over Fiber technology the antennae can be positioned many kilometers away for the purpose of
improved satellite visibility or reduction in interference from other terrestrial systems
THANK YOU