Cebu Institute of Technology-University

College of Arts and Sciences

Dept. of Mathematics and Natural Scinces

Human
and
WHO CARES?
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
What do you think

MEANS?
 Biodiversity
What does “Bio” mean?

Bio =
 Biodiversity

What does “Diversity” mean?

Diversity = Variety
 Biodiversity

• Means the presence of diverse

biological life forms as well as the
ecosystem in which they live
• It can also be defined as the
richness of species of living things
 There are 3 components of
biodiversity
1. Diversity of genes
Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same
species —but they're not the same because there is
variety in their genes.

Chihuahua Beagle
Rottweilers
2. Diversity of number of species
For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and
gumamela are all different species.

Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Gumamela

3. Variety of ecosystems

Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers are all Freshwater

Ecosystems.

Rocky coast, Sand Dune, Estuary, Salt Marsh ,

Coral Reef are all Marine Ecosystems.

So what’s an ECOSYSTEM???
 ECOSYSTEM
“ A self-contained community of microorganisms,
animals and plants, that interact with each other and with
their physical environment.”
Within an ecosystem there can
be many HABITATS
This is the physical and chemical description
of where a creature lives...
 HABITATS might describe:
• The NAME of the place where the
creature lives.

Arctic Canada is the habitat of the polar

bear Ursa maritima.
 HABITATS might describe:
• The DOMINANT VEGETATION of the
place where the creature lives.
 HABITATS might describe:
• The TYPE of place where the creature
lives.

species of fish like Pike (Esox lucius) are

found in freshwater lakes and ponds.
• Species – is a group of morphologically
similar creatures which can:
– Interbreed to produce fertile offspring
– Are ‘reproductively isolated’
 Environment

Society Health
 Threats to Biodiversity
• Habitat loss and destruction
• Alterations in ecosystem composition
• Over-exploitation
• Pollution and contamination
• Global climate change
 PHILIPPINES: high species
diversity and high endemicity
ENDANGERED ENDEMIC
• A species present in • An organism
such small numbers exclusively native to a
that it is at risk of place or biota
extinction.
The Birds
The Philippine Eagle : Pithecophaga jefferyi
 Endangered…

The Philippine or Red-vented

Cockatoo
(Cacatua haematuropygia)

The Palawan Peacock Pheasant

(Polyplectron emphanum)
Endangered…

The Sulu Hornbill

(Anthracoceros montani)
The Mindoro Imperial
Pigeon
(Ducula mindorensis)

Sulu hornbill and Cebu black shama, the Philippine

Eagle might follow the Cebu flowerpecker which is now
presumed extinct.
Endangered…

Cebu Black Shama

Cebu Flowerpecker
(now presumed extinct)
 Endemics…and Endangered

Visayan wrinkled hornbill

(Aceros waldeni)

The Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon

(Gallicolumba platenae)

Red-bellied pitta
(Pitta erythrogaster)
One of the world's rarest mammals
lives in the dwindling forest of Panay
Island: Philippine spotted deer
(Cervus alfredi), considered by many
as the most endangered deer in the
planet

Deer that cannot be found

elsewhere: the Calamian hog
deer or Calamian deer
have longer and darker legs,
compared with other hog deer.

By 1996, its population further

declined to only about 900,
prompting conservationists to
declare it as an endangered
species.

The Mammals
Unique pygmy water
buffalos (Bubalus
mindorensis) endemic to
Mindoro listed as one of
the ten most endangered
species in the world.

From 10,000 heads in the

1900's, population went
down to 369 heads in the
late 1980's to as few as
20 heads roaming in the
wild today

The Mammals
The Mammals
• The Palawan bearcat population is threatened
by human activities.

The Mammals
Dugongs or sea cows-
the only herbivorous marine
mammals, are often sighted in
Philippine waters,
particularly near Palawan
province and southern
Mindanao.

• A dugong can live more than 70

years.
The Mammals
• The Philippine government has
banned the commercial
exploitation of dugong since
1991.
Golden- capped fruit Bat Over the years, these
(Acerdon jubatus) two species of giant
fruit bats have
roamed around the
10,000-hectare Subic
Forest National
Protected Area,
which is considered
the biggest roosting
site of bats in the
world.

The Mammals
The smallest bat in the world is the Philippine
bamboo bat (vespertilionid), which belongs to the
vespertilionid family. This bat measures about four
centimeters (1 1/2 inches) in length and has a
wingspan of 15 cm. Approximately, it weighs 1.5
grams (1/20 ounce).

The Mammals
The Mindoro Pallid Flying
Fox smallest flying fox in
the Philippines The Philippine tube-nosed bat,
(Nyctimene rabori )of Negros is
considered highly endangered

The Mammals
 Believed to
have become
extinct in
1970s as a
result of the
combination of
forest
destruction,
bare-backed fruit bat disturbance by
(Dobsonia chapmani) guano miners,
and hunting

The Mammals
 The continuous denudation of
tropical forests in the country
threatens the remaining population of
kagwang, which used to abound in
the wilderness of Basilan, Leyte,
Samar, Bohol and Mindanao.

Philippine government declared

kagwang as an endangered species
The Mammals and banned its commercial
exploitation.
 Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat
Phloeomys pallidus
The Visayan Warty Pig
(Sus cebifrons)
Widespread in northern and central
Luzon
1994: Endangered From sea level to high mountains (at
least 2000 m), in primary and
1996 - 2004: Critically secondary forest and heavily disturbed
Endangered scrub

The Mammals
 There were tales
that a 27-foot
saltwater
crocodile was
killed near Lake
Taal in Batangas in
1823.

It reportedly took
40 men to bring
(Crocodylus porosus), it is different from the body ashore.
Mindoro's freshwater crocodile
(Crocodylus mindorensis)

Amphibians and Reptiles

 Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)

Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)

Leatherback sea turtle

Philippine pond turtle

Heosemys leytensis Philippine Green turtle Hawksbill sea turtle

Amphibians and Reptiles

• Donsol, a fishing town in Sorsogon province,
serves as a sanctuary to a group of 40 whale
sharks (Rhincodon typus), which are considered
as the largest fish in the world.

• Locally known as "butanding", whale sharks

visit the waters of Donsol from November to May.
They travel across the oceans but nowhere else
have they been sighted in a larger group than in
the waters of Sorsogon.

• In 1996, a marine biologist discovered that whale sharks are ovoviviparous, which means that the
females produce live offspring from eggs hatched in the uterus.

• The Philippine government declared whale sharks as endangered species in 1998, thereby banning
its plunder and exploitation.

• Right now, the Department of Tourism is promoting eco-tourism to protect the whale sharks in
Donsol.

Fish
The world's smallest freshwater fish is found in the
Philippines. The dwarf goby (Pandaka pygmaea) measures
1.2 centimeters or less than half of an inch, the tiniest
known vertebrate.

American Ichthyologist Albert Herre first discovered it in

Malabon River in 1925. Fish
 it would take a thousand to fill a tablespoon

World's smallest commercial fish: Sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis) found

only in Lakes Bato and Buhi in Camarines Sur province.

Sinarapan grows to an average length of 1.25 centimeters, only slightly

longer than the dwarf goby.

Today, unabated fishing in the two lakes threatens the population of

sinarapan. Fish
 Sawtail Catshark

Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus
Blue-spotted angelfish

Philippine Anchovy: Dilis or Bolinao

Exyrias: goby or biya Fish

• More than 500 of the world's 700 coral species are
found under the waters of the Philippines, which is
a part of the Coral Triangle - a region in the Pacific
Ocean.

• There are at least 50 known seahorse species in

the world. They inhabit temperate and tropical
waters but most of them are concentrated in the
warm coastal waters of the Philippines.

• The seahorse's scientific genus name,

Hippocampus is a Greek word, which means, "bent
horse."

• At least 47 nations and territories around the world

are involved in buying and selling seahorses. The
largest known importers are China, Hong Kong,
and Taiwan.

• Among the largest exporters is the Philippines.

Fish
(Tridacna gigas), one of the world's largest shells
can be found under Philippine waters.

Tridacna gigas grows as large as one meter in length

and weighs 600 pounds

The Invertebrates
Pisidum, the world's tiniest shell,
can be found under Philippine waters.

Pisidum is less than

1 millimeter long

The Invertebrates
A shell called glory of the sea (Connus gloriamaris) is also
found in the Philippines and considered as one of the most
expensive shells in the world.

The Invertebrates
Which is more diverse?

A B
Which is more diverse?

A B
Which is more diverse?

A B
Which is more diverse?

A B
Which has more cultural
diversity?

A B
Which has more biodiversity?

A B
Which has more biodiversity?

A B
The End!