BIOMOLECULES

STEM – General Biology 1

ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN BODY
IMPORTANCE OF FOOD

 Obtain energy
 Cell Growth
 Cell Division
 Metabolism
 Tissue Repair
 Maintenance of the body
MACROMOLECULES

 Building blocks of cell and its organelles

 4 Basic Types:
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acids
MACROMOLECULES
 WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOOOOOW?

 Names of the 4 macromolecules

 Structure - monomers and polymers of each
 Function - what are they used for?
 Food sources - what foods will you find these in?
 Indicator Tests - what tests do we use to find out if a
food contains them?
CARBOHYDRATES

 Organic compounds
made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
 General formula of
CnH2mOm
 MONOMER:
Monosaccharide
CARBOHYDRATES
 CARBOHYDRATES
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
losing of water molecules when two monomers
combine to form polymers

HYDROLYSIS
splitting water molecules to break down a
polymer
 CARBOHYDRATES

FUNCTION:
Provide body with energy!
 CARBOHYDRATES
Food Sources:
 CARBOHYDRATES
INDICATOR TESTS:
LIPIDS

Large biomolecules that

are not formed through
polymerization
No TRUE monomer
Have abundant non-
polar Carbon-Hydrogen
bonds with few Oxygen
 LIPIDS

Monomer: No TRUE monomer

Some regarded Fatty Acids as its
monomer
 LIPIDS
FATS
Triacylglycerols / Triglycerides
Energy storage – LONGTERM
Cushioning of vital organs
Insulation
May be Saturated or
Unsaturated
LIPIDS

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Major Component of Cell
Membrane
Formed through
Dehydration reaction
between Glycerol and Two
Fatty Acids
Last linkage with
Phosphate group
 LIPIDS
STEROIDS and STEROLS
C-skeleton with four fused
rings
Regulate fluidity of Cell
Membrane
Base of Sex Hormones
Emulsification of fats during
digestion
 LIPIDS
WAXES
Covering surface of plants
and animals

SPHINGOLIPIDS
Found in the brain, lungs,
and nerve tissues
Serves as surfactants
 LIPIDS

FOOD SOURCES
Unsaturated Fats – plants
and fish oils
Saturated Fats – lard,
margarine, and butter
Cholesterol - meat, poultry,
eggs, dairy products
 LIPIDS

Indicator Test:
Emulsion Test
Paper Bag Test
 PROTEINS

MONOMER: Amino Acids

Forms Polypeptide Chains
ARAN

Ala-Arg-Ala-Asn

Alanine-Arginine-
Alanine-Asparagine
PROTEINS

FUNCTIONS:
Structural – keratin and collagen
Enzymatic – catalyst
Transport – hemoglobin
Defense – antibody
Regulatory – hormones
Contractile – actin and myosin
Storage – growth and development
 PROTEINS

Out of 20 Common AMINO ACIDS, only 11 can

be synthesized by our body
9 needs to be obtained by consuming protein-
rich foods
9 Essential Amino Acids: PVT. TIM HALL!!!
 PROTEINS
The shape of the protein
determine its function!
Primary structure: polypeptide
chain
Secondary structure:
polypeptides in coils or sheets
Tertiary structure: coils or sheets
form a tangle
Quaternary structure: more
than one tangle combine to
make a very complex protein!
 PROTEINS

FOOD SOURCES:
Meat
Fish
Egg
Milk
Soy Products
Nuts
 PROTEINS

INDICATOR TEST: