GROUP 2

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTIONS
What is solution?
• SOLUTION is a homogeneous mixture of two
or more substances.
• Homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture
with uniform composition.
• A solution consists of a solute and solvent.
SOLUTE- is the substances to be dissolved.
ex: (sugar)
SOLVENT- is the one doing the dissolving.
ex: (water)
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
- is a solution that contains more than maximum amount of solute
that is capable of being dissolved at a given temperature.

UNSATURATED SOLUTION
- is a solution in which a solvent is capable of dissolving any more
solute at a given temperature.

SATURATED SOLUTION
- can be defined as a solution in which solvent is not capable of
dissolving any more solute at a given temperature.
 ENERGY OF SOLUTION FORMATION
- some forces that interact within pure liquids are also present during
mixtures and solutions.
- MIXING is a spontaneous process that increases the entropy of the solution.
- In order to form a mixture of homogenous solutions by distributing the
solute molecules evently within the solvent molecules, heat transfer are
inevitable.
- This heat transfer is denoted ΔHsoln for our general comprehension.
- ΔH is the change in heat energy found by subtracting the enthalpy of
reactant from that of the product: Hproducts – Hreactant = ΔHsoln.

ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION
-What then is the significance of ΔHsoln? It presents a clear indication of the
magnitude as well as direction of the heat transfer so that when:
ΔH>0 : ENDOTHERMIC REACTION (positive), because the products encompass
more energy than the reactants.
ΔH<0 : EXOTHERMIC REACTION (negative), because the reractant consist of more
energy than products.
THREE STEPS APPROACH TO FINDING THE
ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION: ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ + ΔH₃
1. Each molecule of solute is separated from each
other (expand the solute), ENDOTHERMIC
REACTION. (ΔH₁)
2. Each molecule of solvent is separated from each
other (expand solvent), ENDOTHERMIC
REACTION.(ΔH₂)
3. The molecules of solute and solvent react with
each other and a solution will result. EXOTHERMIC
REACTION (ΔH₃)
 CONCENTRATION UNITS AND
COMPARISON OF CONCENTRATION UNITS
1. MASS PERCENT- used to express the concentration of a solution
when the mass of a solution given.

2. VOLUME PERCENT- used to express the concentration when the

volume of a solute and the volume of a solution.

3. MASS/VOLUME PERCENT- another version of a percentage

concentration is mass/volume percent, which measures the mass or
weight of solute in grams vs. the volume of solution
 EXAMPLE SOLUTIONS
PERCENT BY MASS
PROBLEM:
What is the percent by mass of a solution that contains 26.5 g of glucose in 5oo g of solution?
FORMULA:
Percent by mass = (mass of solute/mass of solution) x 100%
SOLUTION:
Percent by mass = mass of glucose x 100%
total mass of solution
= 26.5 g/500 g x 100%
= 5.30%

PERCENT BY VOLUME
PROBLEM:
How would you prepare 250 ml of 70 % (v/v) of rubbing alcohol
FORMULA:
Percent by volume = (volume of solute/volume of solution) x 100%
SOLUTION:
70% = volume of rubbing alcohol x 100%
total volume of solution
volume of rubbing alcohol = volume of solution x 70% = 250 ml x 70 = 175 g
100% 100
PERCENT BY MASS, BY VOLUME
PROBLEM:
If the density of the above solution is 0.857 g/ml, what is the percent (m/v) of rubbing
alcohol?

FORMULA:
mass/volume = mass of solute (g)/volume of solution (ml) x 100%

SOLUTION:
volume of solution =500g solution x 1 mL solution = 583.4 mL solution
0.857g solution
( 3 significant figures + 1 guard digit )

Percent (m/v) = mass of rubbing alcohol x 100%

volume of solution
= 175 g x 100%
583.4 mL
= 30 %
4. PPM/PARTS Per MILLION- usually described the concentration of
something in water or soil, ppm is defined as
ppm = 1,000,000 c/s
= 10⁶ c/s
where
c = molar mass, volume or mass component (mole, m³, ft³ , kg, lbm)
s = molar mass, volume or mass of solution (mole, m³, ft³, kg, lbm)
In the metric system ppm for mass can be expressed in terms of milligram versus kg
where:
*1 mg/kg = 1 part per million
ppm can be also be expressed as:
*1 ppm = 10ˉ⁶ = 0.0001% = 0.001%
*1,000 ppm = 0.1 %
*10,000 ppm = 1 %
MOLE FRACTION
- one way to express relative amounts of substances in a
mixture is with the mole fraction.

MOLALITY
-defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of
solvent.

MOLARITY
- used to represent the amount of moles of solute per
liter of the solution.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
MOLE FRACTION
PROBLEM:
a tank is charged with a mixture of 1.0 x 103 mol of oxygen and 4.5 x
103 mol of helium. Calculate the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture.
FORMULA:
mole fraction of solute = moles of solute
moles of solute + moles of solvent

= nA
nA + Nb
mole fraction of solvent = moles of solvent

moles of solute + moles of solvent

= nB
nA + nB
SOLUTION:
The given parameters are

NHe = 4.5 x 103 mol and n02 = 1.0 x 103 mol

Mole Fraction can be calculated as:
XHe = 4.5 x 103 mol / 4.5 x 103 mol + 1.0 x 103 mol
= 4.5 mol / 5.5 mol
= 0.82
X02 = 2.0 x 103 mol / 4.5 x 103 mol + 1.0 x 103 mol
= 1.0 x 103 / 5.5 x 103
= o.18
MOLALITY
PROBLEM:
What is molality of a solution containg 0.75 moles of sodium hydroxide in 500
millimeter of water? The density of water is 1 gram per millimeter.
Determine the mass of the solvent in kg
mass = d x v = 1 gram x 500ml
ml
mass = 500 g
Convert grams to kg (1000 g = 1 kg)
500g x 1 kg = 0.5 kg of water
1000g
Calculate the molality
m = mol = 0.75 mol NaOH
kg 0.5 kg water
m = 1.5 m or 1.5 mol/kg
MORALITY
PROBLEM:
What is the molarity of a solution if 1.47 moles of sugar is dissolved into
2.31 L of solution?
FORMULA:
Molarity(M) = moles of solute
Liters of solution
SOLUTION:
M = 1.47 moles of sugar
2.31 L of solution
M = 0.636 mol/L
 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
- allow us to quantify the amount of substance in a solution.
- deals with the relative quantities of reactants and products in
chemical reactions.

EXAMPLE:
What volume of a 0.35M AgNO3A is required to completely react with
55ml of a 0.24M NaCL solutions?

FORMULA:
(M = mol/l) or (M1V1 = M2V2)
SOLUTION:
AgNO₃ + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO₃
FORMULA:
1.) M = mol
L
= 0.24 mol NaCl x 0.055 L x 1 mol Ag NO₃ x 1 L
L 1 1mol NaCl 0.35 mol AgNO₃
= 0.377 L = 37.7 Ml

2.) M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

(0. 35) V₁ = (0.24)(5.5)
0.35 0.35
V₁ = 37.7 mL
 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
SOLUBILITY – is an ability of a substance to dissolve.
1. TEMPERATURE
- Basically, solubility increases with temperature.It is the case for most of
the solvents.With increase of temperature they become less soluble in each
other and in water, but more soluble in organic solvents.
2. POLARITY
- In most cases solutes dissolve in solvents that have a similar polarity.
3. PRESSURE
*Solid and Liquid solutes
- for majority of solid and liquid solutes, prerssure does not affect
solubilty.
*Gas solutes
- As for gases the Henry’s Law states that solubilty of gas is directly
proportional to the pressure of this gas. A good proof of Henry’s Law can be
observed when opening a bottle of carbonated drink. When we decrease the
pressure in a bottle, the gas that was dissolvedin the drink bubbles out of it.
4. MOLECULAR SIZE
- the larger the molecoles of the solute are, the larger is
their molecular weigth and their size.It is more difficult it is
for solvent molecules to surround bigger molecules.

5. STIRRING INCREASES THE SPEED OF

DISSOLVING
- stirring does not have an affect on solubility of
absubstance, but everyone knows that if he puts sugar in his
tea and does not stir, it will not dissolve. Actually, if we left
the tea to stand for a long time, the sugar would
dissolve.Stirring only increases the speed of the process.
 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF
NONELECTROLYTES AND ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
COLLIGATIVE - (Latin, Coligare – which means “tied together”)
properties which means, they depend on the collective effect of the
concentration of solute particles present in solution.
-These properties include ( VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING,
BOILING POINT ELEVATION, FREEZING POINT DEPRERSSION, OSMOTIC
PRESSURE ).

NONELECTTOLYTE
- are compounds that do not ionize at all in solution. As a result, solutions
containing nonelectrolytes will not conduct electricity.
EXAMPLE: (Glucose)

ELECTROLYTE
- are normally formed when a salt is placed into a solvent such as water
EXAMPLE: (Gatorade)
1. VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
- is a direct measure of escaping tendency of molecules. A pure liquid
(solvent) in a closed container will established equilibrium with its vapor.
And equilibriuim is reached, the pressure exerted by the vapor is called the
vapor pressure.
-The vapor pressure lowering is directly proportional to the mole fraction of
the solute. This is Raoult’s Law
FORMULA:
Psolution = P°solventXsolvent
- To find the vapor pressure at a given temperature, use the Clausius-
Clapeyron equation:
In(P1/P2) = (ΔHvap/R)((1/T2) – (1/T1)).
ΔHvap- the enthalpy of vaporizationof liquid.
R- the real gas constant, or 8.314 J/K x Mol).
T1- the starting temperature.
T2- the final temperature.
P1 and P2- the vapor pressures at the temperatures T1 and T2, respectlly.
2. BOILING POINT ELEVATION
-describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid will be higher
when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling
than pure solvent.
FORMULA:
ΔTb = Tb(solution) – Tb(solvent) = Kb x m
ΔTb- is the boiling point elevation.
Kb- is the boiling elevation constant.
m- is the molality (mol/kg solvent)of the solute.

3. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

- is a colligative property observed in solutions that results from the
introduction of solute molecules to a solvent. The freezing point of solutions are
all lower than that of the pure solvent and is directly proportional to the molality
of the solute.

FORMULA:
ΔTf = Tf(solvent) – Tf(solution) = Kf x m
4. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
- created by water moving across a membrane due to osmosis. The more
water moving across the membrane, the higher the osmotic pressure.
FORMULA:

π = MRT

π- osmotic pressure.
M- molar concentration of solution (mol/L).
R- ideal gas constant (0.08206 L atm mol K)
T- is the temperature in Kelvin
THANK YOU