GROUP NO.

- 1
MOUSUMI NANDI - 18BPE071
PRABHAT KUMAR - 18BPE086
PRABHAV JAIN - 18BPE087
SIDDHANT DESAI - 18BPE108
TANISHA AGARWAL - 18BPE110
VATSAL SHAH - 18BPE117
• Introduction
• History
• Methods of preparation
1) Melting
2) Heat treating
3) Powder metallurgy
4) Thermal spray
5) Thin film fabrication
• Properties
• Application of SMA
• Future trends of SMA
• Conclusions
• Shape memory alloys are designed materials in which large
distortion is possible through temperature or stress changes.
• They majorly exhibit two properties named as shape memory
effect and super elasticity.
• One of the property is shape memory effect which allow
material to returns to its actual shape, after being deformed.
• Another property is super elasticity which allow material to
recover from large elastic strain also permit the material to resist
large cyclic deformation
SMAs have 2 stable phases

• the high temp phase, called Austenite and

• the low-temp phase, called Martensite.
The martensite can be in one of two forms:

• twinned
• de twinned
A phase transformation which occurs between these two phases upon
heating/cooling is the basis for the unique properties of the SMA.
• NI-TI alloys
• Copper based alloys (CuZnAl)
• Ag- Cd 44/49 at%C
• Fe- Mn -Si
• Pt alloys
• Mn-Cu5/35 at.%Cu etc.
• 1932 - The solid phase transformation in SMA was first
discovered by Olander.
• 1938 - Greninger and Mooradian first observed the SME for Cu-
Zn alloy and Cu-Sn alloy.
• 1940 to 1950 - The SME was observed by Kurdjumov and
Khadras.
• 1962 - Ni-Ti alloy was discovered by Willian Buehler and
Frederick Wang.
• 1970 onwards - Commercial use started.
Melting (Vacuum Melting)

Heating Treating

Powder Metallurgy

Thermal Spray

Thin Film Fabrication

One of the most important method is vacuum melting

Vacuum induction melting works on Electromagnetic induction works by inducing

electrical eddy currents in the graphite crucible and in the metallic charges.
NI-TI alloys are also melted and mixed to increase carbon content and are mixed or
stirred by external dynamic forces.
The main advantages is we receive homogeneous chemiccal composition of the
ingot(melt).
• Ni-Ti samples must be cold worked before heat treatment in order to achieve optimized
properties.
• If we consider super elastic nitinol, heat treatment may be adopted at a temperature of
500°C, for shape memory alloys it usually lies between 350°C- 450°C.
• Unique properties like SME and pseudo elasticity is good at a Nickel composition of 55.5(wt
%).
• At high temperatures these properties will achieved by solution treatment and aged at a
temperature around 400°C rich Ni- phases precipitates and as the composition of matrix
varies transformation temperature increasest
• Powder
metallurgy is an essential technique for producing near net shape
components of NiTi alloys.
• There are two kinds of powder metallurgy techniques for preparing Ni-Ti
alloys, one is raw metal powder sintering and another one is alloy powder
sintering.
• Different powder metallurgy methods have been developed for Ni Ti in
which both elemental powders and pre alloyed powders can be used as
starting materials by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) , hydriding and
pulverization.
• HIPis most commonly adopted sintering technique. Powders are filled in
evacuated and gas tight welded cans which will transfer the pressure to the
powder.
• Thermal spray process is mainly used for producing NiTi foils or NiTi tubes,
thin walled mill products and other 3D shapes.
• This process can be done by two methods one is low pressure wire arc
spraying and another one is vacuum plasma spraying technique.
• NiTi thin films can be fabricated by using vacuum sputter deposition of
multiple layers, micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and
photolithographic steps.
• Chemical composition of sputtering targets is the primary determinant of
phase transition temperatures.
• In NiTi if titanium possess more composition produces best results, this
technique eliminates the difficulties of joining,welding, or bonding of nitinol
films.
• SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT (SME).
• PSEUDO ELASTICITY.
• DAMPING PROPERTIES.
• InAutomobile industries SMA plays a major role. SMA used as actuators,
sensors, mini actuators. Automatic valves, we can also use SMA as Solenoids
in order to reduce noise and electric generators to generate electricity from
exhaust heat.
• It is used in dams to optimize aerodynamics at various speed.
• NiTi SMA can be used as a variable area form nozzle which makes jet engines
quite and efficient, vibration dampers in jet engines, high shock absorber
applications such as ball bearings,& landing gears.
• It is also being used in developing tyres for inter planetary missions.
• In Robotics SMA used as Micro actuators or artificial muscles.
• SMA can also adopted in petro chemicals, semi conductors, pharmaceuticals,
oil industries, piping, Engines, crafts, Gas boilers.
• SMA find varieties of applications such as buildings,& bridges, Intelligent
Reinforced Concrete (IRC) is one of the SMA application uses wires
embedded with the concrete also it senses cracks and reduce large scale
sized cracks.
• Current research focuses on developing iron based shape memory alloys
having thermo elastic martensitic transformation are necessary to get shape
memory effect (SME).
• Development of new materials which includes composites and hybrid shape
memory materials, fabrication technologies and treatment process which
makes stable, durable and also develops robust computation models of SMA
behaviour.
• It is also being used in developing tyres for inter planetary missions.
• Importance of these alloys can be summarized by their advantages like
corrosion resistance,recoverable strain Biocompatibility, ductility makes use
of emerging applications in the recent years.
• There are some difficulties to make and forming of SMA, relatively
expensive, poor fatigue properties, compared with other materials like Steel
and aluminium.
• Due to the exclusive properties like Shape memory effect (SME), super
elasticity , damped vibrations, there will be lot of scope is there to use these
materials in almost all engineering fields.
• The new ideas, applications, and the number of products produced in the
market using SMA is continuously flourishing, there will be development of
different SMA which makes use in different areas of applications.