What is a Disaster?

“A disaster is a non-routine event that exceeds

the capacity of the affected area to respond to it in such a way
as to save lives; to preserve property; and to maintain the
social, ecological, economic and political stability of the
affected region.”

Causes of Disasters:
The Geophysical situation of the Philippines:
Pacific Ring of Fire
What is a Crisis?
The outcome of Disaster
When a larger population is affected
When local government cannot immediately
address the situation
When huge evacuation takes place
When massive effect to nature occurs
What to
do???
Duck Hold

Cover Exit
 When
outdoors…
• Move to a clear area if
you can safely do so.
• Avoid power lines, trees,
signs, buildings, vehicles
and other hazards.
 When on road and driving…
• Pull your car to the side
of the road
• Stay inside the vehicle
until the shaking is
over
• Do not stop under an
overpass or something
that can fall on your car
What to do after the
ground shaking…
When the shaking has stopped
IMMEDIATELY and before you exit your
room:

 take ten seconds to look around, make a

mental note of damage and dangers,
check to see if any students are injured.
 If immediate help can be given to those
with injuries, to stop serious bleeding, or
put out a small fire, do so.
• Use BUDDY
SYSTEM – exit
in pairs at the
provided
evacuation route
• Group together
at pre-
designated open
area
• Check and
headcount
Before a
Typhoon
Check and fix
your house for
any damage so
that it will
withstand strong
winds.
Stock up adequate food
supply such as rice,
canned goods ; drinking
water; flashlights and
first aid kits.
Always monitor
news about the
typhoon, whether
on television or
radio. If the
power is cut,
keep a radio on
and tuned in to
news
Remind family members to cut all branches of trees
around your house that could possibly fall on your
house
Help check all
electrical wirings.
Monitor the weather
reports. Check what
is happening around
you.
When local authorities
advise you to evacuate,
do so. Move family pets
and valuable to a safe
place; turn off gas valves,
electricity and water,
when safe to do so.
If you happen to be outdoors when a typhoon comes:

(a) stay away from electric posts and wires;

(b) never stand under a lone tree in an open field to avoid

being hit by lightning;

(c) never fix your TV antenna during a thunderstorm;

(d) stay away from boats and from bodies of water;

(e) enter the nearest safe shelter.

Avoid staying or going to
low-lying and coastal areas
that are prone to floods or
storm surge
What to do after
a typhoon?
Have a knowledgeable person inspect electrical wiring before
using electrical appliances. It is usually advisable not to use
appliances immediately after a typhoon especially if your house
got flooded

Avoid electrical wires

that have fallen
 Wear slippers, shoes or other footwear, for
protection from any sharp or pointed objects
that might have fallen.
Boil water
before drinking
it to avoid
getting sick

Stay away
from flood
waters. They
carry water-
borne diseases
Clean and clear everything damaged by the typhoon.
WHAT TO EXPECT DURING DISASTER?

Expect to
see people in
panic
Expect huge
crisis
Expect worst
scenarios
Natural Types of Disasters
Man-Made and Technological Types of Disasters
Agricultural diseases & pests.
Damaging Winds
Drought and Water Shortage
Earthquakes
Extreme heat
Floods and flash floods.
Hail
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Landslides and debris flow
Thunderstorms and Lightning
Tornadoes
Tsunamis
Wildfire
Winter and Ice storms
Sinkholes
Hazardous materials
Power service disruption & blackout
Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
Radiological emergencies
Chemical threat and biological weapons
Cyber attacks
Explosion
Civil Unrest
What is first aid?

 Is an immediate temporary care

given to a victim of accident or
sudden illness before the
availability of a physician is
acquired.
FIRST AIDER
 A person giving first aid
 His first aid and skills can mean the difference
between:
 1. Life and death
 2. Temporary and permanent disability
 3.rapid recovery & long hospitalization
Good Samaritan Law
 Acting during an emergency
 Acting in good faith
 Acting without compensation
 Not guilty of malicious misconduct or gross negligence
toward the victim.
Duty to Act
 When employment requires it.
Example : Law enforcement officers, park rangers,
athletic trainers, lifeguards, and teacher
 When a preexisting responsibility exist.
Consent

 Expressed consent
 Implied consent
When calling an ambulance the dispatcher will
request certain information:
1. The victim’s location.
2. The phone number you are calling from and
your name.
3. What happened.
4. Number of persons needing help and any special
conditions.
5. Victim’s condition.
Disease Transmission
Bloodborne & Airborne diseases
o Hepa B & C(bloodborne)
o HIV(bloodborne)
o TB(airborne)
Protection
Wear a Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) to control
the risk of exposure.(example gloves, mask goggles)
Checking the victim
1. Determine if the victim is responsive
2. Ensure that the victim’s airway is open
(head tilt chin lift manuever)
3. Determine if the victim is breathing
4. Check for any obvious severe bleeding
Check for DOTS
 Deformities
•Open wounds

•Tenderness

•Swelling
PHYICAL EXAM
1. Head, Check for dots. Compare the pupils-they
should be the same size and react to light. Check
ears, nose for clear blood-tinged fluid. Check
the mouth for any obstruction.
2. Neck: check for DOTS. Look for a medical
identification necklace.
3. Chest: check for DOTS. Gently squeeze.
4. Abdomen : Check for DOTS. Gently push
5a. Pelvis: Check for DOTS, gently push
downward on the tops of the hips
6. Extremities: Check both arms and legs for
DOTS
When doing physical exam:

 Do not aggravate injuries.

 Do not move a victim with a possible spinal injury.
Sample history
 S = Signs: “What is wrong?”
 A = Allergies: “Are you allergic to anything?”
 M= Medications: “Are you taking any medications?
What are they for?”
 P = Past medical history: “have you had this problem
before? Do you have other medical problems?”
 L = Last oral intake: “when did you last eat or drink?”
 E = Events leading up to the illness or injury
COMMON EMERGENCIES
1. SHOCK & BURNS
2. FRACTURES
3. BLEEDING & WOUNDS
4. POISONING
1a. SHOCK

Shock occurs when the body’s tissues do not receive

enough oxygenated blood.
Signs of Shock:
1. Altered mental status:
o Anxiety
o Restlessness
o Confusion
2. Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, nail beds
3. Nausea and vomiting
Care for shock:
 Place the victim on his or her back
 Raise the legs 6 to 12 inches. Other positions are
used for other conditions.
 Place blankets under and over the victim to keep
the victim warm.
ANAPHYLAXIS
Is a life-threatening breathing emergency can result
from a severe allergic.
Common causes of anaphylaxis:
 Medication
 Food
 Insect stings
 Plants
Common signs of anaphylaxis:
 Breathing difficulty
 Skin reaction
 Swelling of the tongue, mouth, or throat
 Sneezing , coughing
 Tightness in the chest
 Blueness around lips and mouth
 Dizziness
 Nausea and vomiting
Care for Anaphylaxis:

 Seek medical care/ call ambulance

 Determine if victim has a prescribed epinephrine
auto-injector and help the victim use it.
 Keep a responsive victim sitting up to help
breathing. Place an unresponsive victim on his or
her side.
1b. Burns
1. FIRST DEGREE BURNS
 Outer layer of the skin
is damaged
 Pain, redness, and
possible swelling but
no blisters
 No scar is formed
Care for First degree burn:
1. Cool the burn with cold water until the part is
pain free (at least 10 min.)
2. Apply aloe vera gel or a skin moisturizer.
3. If available, give an over-the-counter pain
medication.
2. SECOND DEGREE BURNS
 Dermis is damage
 Formation of blisters
 Infection / shock
might set in
 Care for Second-degree burn
If burn is small (<20% BSA):
1. Cool the burn with cold water.
2. Apply antibiotic ointment.
3. Cover with a dry, nonstick, sterile dressing
4. If available, give an over-the-counter pain
medication.
If burn is large (>20% BSA)
 Follow step for a third-degree burn.
3. THIRD DEGREE WOUNDS
 Deeper tissue damage
 No pain is felt
 Dry, leathery skin
 Gray or charred skin
Care for Third-degree burn:
1. Monitor breathing and provide care as
needed.
2. Cover burn with a dry, nonstick, sterile
dressing.
3. Care for shock.
4. Seek medical care.
2. Fractures
What is a fracture?
 Is a crack or break in a bone.
Causes of fractures
 Direct violence – the bone is broken at the
point of contact with an object.

 Indirect violence – the bone is broken by the

forces transmitted along the line of the bone
from the point of impact.
 Severe twisting forces – this type of injury is
common in sports such as skiing & football where
the body twists a great deal.
 Other causes – powerful muscular contractions
may cause pieces of bone to be pulled away. In
addition, disease or aging may weaken bones
sufficiently so that only a small force is needed to
cause a break.
CLASSIFICATION:
 1.CLOSE FRACTURE

 2. OPEN FRACTURE
SIGNS OF POSSIBLE FRACTURE:
Observed mnemonic DOTS
 D = Deformity
 O = Open wound
 T = Tenderness and pain when touched
 S = Swelling
Additional signs of a fracture
 The victim is unable to use the injured part
normally.
 A grating or grinding sensation.
 Bone snap.
Types of Splints
Rigid splint

Soft splint

Anatomic splint
Splinting Guidelines
 Cover any open wounds with a dry dressing before
applying a splint.
 Apply a splint only if it does not cause further
pain to the victim.
 Splint the injured area in the position found.
 The Splint should extend beyond the joints above
and below an extremity fracture whenever
possible.
 Apply Splints firmly but not so tightly that blood
flow to an extremity is affected.
 Apply an ice or cold pack.
Care for Bone Injuries:
1. Expose and examine the injury site. Look for
DOTS
2. If the injury is an open fracture, do not push
on any protruding bone. Cover the wound
and exposed bone with a dressing.
3. Splint the injured area.
4. Apply ice or cold pack, to reduce swelling and
pain
5. Seek medical care.
 Do not attempt to push back any bone ends
 Immobilize / apply splints to extremities
before moving the patient
 Immobilize dislocated joints, but do not
attempt to reduce or straighten any dislocation
 Immobilize the joints above and below the
fracture
 Splint firmly, but do not splint tightly enough
to interfere with circulation
DISLOCATION
 Injury to the capsule & ligaments that results to
displacement of a bone at a joint
 Signs and symptoms:
• Deformity
• pain
• loss of function
SPRAIN
 Injury to a joint / ligament or muscle / tendons in
the region which involves partial tearing or
stretching
 Signs and symptoms: pain on movement,
swelling, discoloration
Care for Joint Injuries(SPRAIN &
DISLOCATION):
1. If you suspect a dislocation, apply a splint if EMS
will be delayed. Provide care as you would for a
fracture.
2. If you suspect a sprain, rest, ice and compress
the injured area.
3. Seek medical care.
RIC Procedure
1. R = Rest. Stop using the injured area.
2. I = Ice. Place an ice pack on the injured area.
3. C = Compression. Use elastic bandage to hold the
ice pack in place 2-3 hours
 STRAIN
 Injury to a muscle that results from
overstretching
 Signs and symptoms: intense pain, moderate
swelling, painful and difficult movement
CONTUSION
 Results from a blow to the muscle.

Signs of Contusion includes:

• Pain and tenderness
• Swelling

• Bruise on injured area

CRAMP
 Occurs when a muscle goes into an uncontrolled
spasm.

Signs of Cramp:
• Uncontrolled spasm
• Pain
• Restriction or loss of movement
CRAMP
 Occurs when a muscle goes into an uncontrolled
spasm.

Signs of Cramp:
• Uncontrolled spasm
• Pain
• Restriction or loss of movement
3. Bleeding & Wounds
 Bleeding refers to injuries damage
blood vessels and cause bleeding.
 A wound is a break in the
continuity of a tissue, either
internal or external & classified as
open or close.
Recognizing External bleeding
Three types of bleeding relate to type of blood
vessel that is damaged.
 Capillary bleeding. Oozes from a wound
steadily but slowly.
 Venous bleeding. Flows steadily
 Arterial bleeding. Spurs with each heartbeat.
External bleeding
Blood coming from an open wound
Care for External bleeding:
 Protect against blood contact.
 Place sterile dressing over wound and apply
pressure
 Elevate injured area if possible
 Apply a pressure bandage.
 If bleeding cannot be controlled, apply pressure
to a pressure point.
 Proper hand positions for applying pressure on
brachial and femoral arteries.
Internal bleeding
Signs of Internal bleeding:
Bruising
Painful, tender area
Vomiting or coughing up blood
Stool that is black or contains bright red blood
Care for minor internal bleeding:
For minor internal bleeding
1. Use this procedure.
R = Rest
I = Ice or cold pack
C = Compress the area with elastic bandage
Serious internal bleeding:

1. Seek medical attention/call ambulance

2. Care for shock
3. If vomiting occurs, roll the victim onto side
Wound Care
1. Wash with soap and water
2. Flush with running water under pressure
3. Remove remaining small object(s).
4. If bleeding restarts, apply pressure on wound
5. Apply antibiotic ointment.
6. Cover with sterile or clean dressing.
7. For wounds with a high risk for infection, seek
medical care for cleaning possible tetanus booster
and closing.
Wound infection
Signs of wound infection:
 Swelling and redness
 Warmth sensation
 Throbbing pain
 Pus discharge
 Fever
 Swelling of lymph nodes
Kinds of wounds (open)
 Abrasion
 Incision
 Laceration
 Punctures
 Avulsion
 Amputation
abrasion

 Results from scraping

the skin & is in danger of
infection because dirt &
bacteria may have been
introduce into the
broken tissue.
incision
 Cuts that are caused
by knives & other
sharp objects. The
degree of bleeding
depends on the
depth & the extent
of the cut.
laceration
 Are jagged,
irregular, or
blunt breaks
or tears in the
tissue.
punctures
 Produced by
bullets, pointed
objects, like pins,
nails, & splinters.
Minimal external
bleeding but may
cause internal
bleeding.
avulsions
 Forcible separation or
tearing of tissue from the
victims body.
amputation
 The cutting or
tearing off of a body
part.
Principles in open wound care
 Control bleeding by direct pressure,
pressure points, or as a last resort, a
tourniquet.
 Prevent contamination with a sterile
dressing.
 Immobilize & elevate the injured
part in the event of a serious
bleeding, if this procedure will not
aggravate other injuries.
Embedded(impaled) object
Care for impaled object:

 Do not remove object.

 Control bleeding with
pressure around the object.
 Stabilize the object with bulky
dressing or clean cloth.
Amputation
Loss of body part
Care for Amputation:
 Seek medical care
 Control bleeding
 Recover amputated part(s) and wrap
in sterile or clean dressing.
 Place wrapped part(s) in a plastic bag
or waterproof container.
 Keep part(s) cool but do not freeze.
Fainting
 Partial or complete loss of
consciousness due to temporary
insufficiency of blood supply to the
brain
 Signs & symptoms
 Pale, cold clammy skin
 Increased sweating
 Cyanosis (lips & fingernails)
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Disturbance in vision
Care for Fainting:
 Open the airway, check breathing and provide
appropriate care.
 Raise the victim’s legs 6 to 12 inches.
 Loosen any restrictive clothing.
 If the victim fell, check for injuries.
 Most fainting episodes are not serious, and the
victim recovers quickly
 Do not pour water over the victim’s face
 Keep the crowd away
 No liquid until patient has revived
 May give something
 Sweet if cause is hypoglycemia & patient is already
CONSCIOUS
Stroke (CVA)
 Also called
“APOPLEXY”
 Usually involves
spontaneous rupture
of a blood vessel in
the brain or
occlusion of small
blood vessels in the
brain (thrombus)
that interferes with
circulation
Stroke
cont…

 Most strokes caused by cerebral hemorrhage

occur while the patient is awake usually during
some physical exertion
 Usually occur in older people with hardening of
the arteries & hypertension
 Stroke cont….

Signs of a Stroke:
 Sudden weakness or numbness of the face, an
arm, or a leg on one side of the body.
 Blurred or decreased vision, especially on one
side of the visual field.
 Problems speaking
 Dizziness or loss of balance
 Sudden, severe headache.
 Stroke
cont…

Care for Stroke:

1. Call for ambulance
2. If the victim is responsive, lay the victim on
his/her back with the head and shoulders
slightly elevated.
3. If victim is unresponsive, check for ABC. If the
victim is breathing, place the victim on his/her
side to keep the airway clear.
Heart Attack
 Occurs when the heart muscle tissue dies because
its blood supply is reduced or stopped.
Signs of heart attack
 Chest pressure, squeezing, or pain that lasts more
than a few minutes or that goes away and comes
back
 Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck, jaw or
arms.
 Dizziness, sweating, nausea
 Shortness of breath
 Most women do not have the classic signs of heart
attack seen in men. Instead often have severe
fatigue, upset stomach, and shortness of breath.
Care for a heart attack
1. Seek medical care by calling ambulance.
2. Help the victim into the most comfortable
resting position.
3. If the victim is alert, able to swallow, and not
allergic to aspirin, give one adult aspirin.
4. If the victim has prescribed medication for
heart disease, such as nitroglycerin, help victim
use it.
5. Monitor breathing.
Convulsions
 An attack of unconsciousness, usually of violent
onset, accompanied by rigidity of the muscles
 Usually last from a few seconds to about half a
minute followed by gradual subsidence of the
attack, after which the victim usually becomes
drowsy or disoriented for a time
 Convulsion
cont….

Signs and symptoms of

Convulsions :
 Jerking movements
 Bluish discoloration of the face & lips
 Foaming of the mouth or drooling
 Convulsion
cont…..

Care for Convulsion :

 Keep victim from hurting himself
 If attack is prolonged & victim stops breathing,
give mouth to mouth or mouth to nose
resuscitation
 Do not place a blunt object between victim’s teeth
Convulsion cont……

 Do not forcefully restrain

 Do not pour any liquid into his mouth
 Do not place child in a tub of water
 Take the victim to the hospital
Epilepsy
 Chronic disease, may be caused by a variety of
conditions that lead to cerebral irritability but
usually of unknown cause
 Characterized by seizures
 In many instances, preceded by AURA ( an
unusual sensation that sometimes warn an
impending epileptic attack. Usually last a few
seconds & may consist of visual or auditory
hallucinations, peculiar taste in the mouth,
painful sensation in the abdomen or a
sensation of movement in some part of the
body when no movement is present)
 Epilepsy
cont……

Causes of seizures in adults:

 Stroke, recent or remote
 Head trauma, recent or remote
 Withdrawal from drugs or alcohol
 Hypoxemia
 Hypoglycemia
 Epilepsy
cont….

 Meningitis
 Idiopathic causes (cause unknown). Most
epileptics fall into this category
 Maintenance medication not take
 Epilepsy
cont……

Care for a Seizure:

 Prevent injury by moving away any dangerous
objects.
 Loosen any restrictive clothing
 Roll the victim onto his or her side
 Do not forcefully restrain
 Never try to insert any object into the mouth once
the teeth are clenched
Epilepsy cont……
 Call ambulance if any of the following exists:
• Seizures occurs for an unknown reason
• Seizures lasts more than 5mins.
• The victim is slow to recover, has a second
seizure, or has difficulty breathing afterward.
• The victim is pregnant or has another medical
condition.
• There is any signs of injury or illness.