Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Static Electricity
Static Electricity
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Dumping Powder
Contact and Frictional
Charging
Induction
Accumulation of Charge
Relaxation Time
10,000 gal
5–10,000 gal <5,000 gal
5 min 1 min
30 min
Extra kicker - Examples of some
nonconductive liquids that will accumulate
charge and are flammable:
gasoline
propane
toluene
butadiene
benzene
mineral spirits
styrene monomer
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Conductive Sections in non-
conductive Line
Discharge
Flammable Limits
Effect OfFlammable Limits -
Fuel Concent rat ion
On (LFL)
Lower Ignitand
ionUpper
Energy
(UFL)
FLA MMABLE
RA NGE
ENERGY FOR
IGNIT ION
M. I. E
L. F. L. U. F. L
M.I.E - Minimum Ignit ion Energy
L.F.L. - Lower Flammable Limit
U.F.L. - Upper Flammable Limit
1 . Gases: 0 .1 Millijoule
Hydrogen = 0 .0 2 mJ
2. Liquids 1 .0 Millijoule
Pent ane = 0 .5 4 mJ
St yrene = 0 .3 0 mJ
3 : Dust s 10 Millijoule Or More
Grounding
Bonding
Example of a tank car dip-pipe liquid
transfer system
Conductive Bag
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Conductive Gloves + -
-
--
Conductive Shoes
- --
Conductive Floor
Prevent Static Discharge
xyzx
velocity
• Ground all isolated
conductors
-- - - - - -
• Move filter further -- - - - - - -
-- - - - - - -
upstream -- - - - - - -
-- - - - - - -
---- -- -- -- -- -- --
• Install dip pipe -- - - - - - -
----- -- -- -- -- -- --
• Eliminate top
electrodes
Inert Environment
Vent N2 to a
safe place!
Important Summary Points
1- Ground and Bond prior to any transfer
2- Non conductive fluids are more likely for static generation
3- Bottom filling or top fill using dip tube less static generation
4- Slow filling will generate less static than rapid filling.
Magic number slow start velocity of 3 feet per second until loading
lance is submerged.
5- Spray filling- keep nozzles from extending into the container to
avoid pulling in air and creating flammable vapor mixture.
6- Inerting eliminates the potential for combustion, but does not
eliminate the static. Padding with nitrogen may not achieve the
same full potential as inerting (5% or less oxygen).
You have just finished unwrapping a skid of material with several layers of
saran wrap and are going to remove and add a combustible dust material into a
reactor containing a flammable solvent. What steps should you take.
A. Open the reactor, start the agitator, and dump the contents into the reactor
B. Open the reactor, ground the reactor, bond the agitator, start the agitator,
dump the contents and close the reactor.
C. Ground the reactor, bond the agitator, open the reactor, dump the contents, close the
reactor, start the agitator.
You have just finished unwrapping a skid of material with several layers of
saran wrap and are going to remove add a combustible dust material into the
reactor containing a flammable solvent. What steps should you take.
A. Open the reactor, start the agitator, and dump the contents into the reactor
B. Open the reactor, ground the reactor, bond the agitator, start the agitator,
dump the contents and close the reactor.
C. Ground the reactor, bond the agitator, open the reactor, dump the contents,
close the reactor, start the agitator.
You are asked to load a tank car and in checking the grounding clamp, you
notice that it is heavily corroded. What should your action be?
A. Continue on with the loading operation, but don’t use the grounding clamp.
B. Continue on with the loading operation by repairing the ground clamp yourself.
C. Get the ground clamp repair and then continue with the loading operation.
You are asked to load a tank car and in checking the grounding clamp, you
notice that it is heavily corroded. What should your action be?
A. Continue on with the loading operation, but don’t use the grounding clamp.
B. Continue on with the loading operation by repairing the ground clamp yourself.
C. Get the ground clamp repair and then continue with the loading operation.