CAVUM ORIS

&
SALIVARY GLAND

Muhammmadiyah University of Yogyakarta

School of Dentistry
Erlina Sih Mahanani, DDS, M.Med Sc
 The Oral Cavity (Mouth)

1. Vestibule (outside arches)

2. Dental Arches

3. Oral Cavity Proper (inside arches)

Oral Cavity

Designed for articulation in speech and mastication of food, the

oral cavity also functions as an alternate airway.

A. Boundaries
Anterior - the lips.
Posterior - the anterior tonsillar pillars.
Roof - hard and soft palate.
Floor - mucosa overlying sublingual and submandibular glands.
Walls - buccal mucosa.

B. Contents
Alveolar processes and teeth.
Anterior tongue to circumvallate papilla.
Orifice of parotid gland (Stenson's duct) in buccal mucosa opposite upper
second molars.
Orifice of submandibular duct (Wharton's duct) in anterior floor of mouth
Orifices of sublingual glands
 Maxillary
vestibule

Parotid papilla

Alveolar mucosa
Buccal mucosa
Mucobuccal fold

Mandibular
Labial mucosa vestibule
Maxillary Incisive Gingiva
A = Alveolar mucosa; B = Gingiva; C = Mucogingival junction; D = Attached

Gingiva; E = Free gingiva; F = Interdental papilla; G = Upper labial frenum

Mandibular Incisive Gingiva
A = Alveolar mucosa; B = Gingiva; C = Mucogingival junction; D = Attached

Gingiva; E = Free gingiva; F = Interdental papilla;

 Is the moist lining in the oral cavity
 Oral cavity consists of 2 parts:
 Outer vestibule ( lips and Cheeks)
 Oral cavity proper
▪ Superior zone (hard & soft palates)
▪ Floor zone (tongue)
▪ Posterior zone
 Oral mucous membrane is made of 2
layers :
 Surface layer of epithelial tissue
 Underlying layer of connective
tissue/lamina propria
 A B

 Scanning electron microscope of the interface

between epithelium and connective tissue in the
palate. A shows the underside of oral epithelium
and the circular orifices into which the cone shape
papillae of connective tissue fit that are illustrated
in B.
 Protection
 To protect deeper tissue and organs in the oral region from
environment of the oral cavity.
 Shows a numbers of adaptations to withstand these
mechanical forces.
 Sensation
 It provides considerable information about evens in the
oral cavity (temperature, touch, pain, taste).
 Secretion
 The salivary glands produce saliva to maintain a moist
surface
 Thermal regulation
 Three types of stratified  Types of cells in oral
squamous epithelium are epithelium
found within the oral cavity
1. Non-keratinized – 1. Keratinocytes, produce
associated with lining keratin naturally or when
mucosa. the tissue is traumatized.
2. Keratinized – associated 2. White blood cells
with masticatory mucosa. 3. Langerhans cell
3. Para-keratinized – 4. Granstein cell
associated with
5. Markel cell
masticatory mucosa.
 The types of these cells are:
 Langerhans’ Cells
 Merkel’s Cells
 Melanocytes
 Lymphocytes and Leukocytes (appear in
the epithelium in cases of inflammation).
 Are found in the stratum spinosum
 To function in the processing of antigenic
material
 The cells appear to have processes but don’t
have desmosome or tonofilament
 It has unique racket-shaped organelles
 These cells have ideal location to make the
contact with invading bacteria and establish
response mechanism to protect the body.
 In the basal layer of gingival epithelium.
 Associated with the terminal axon
 They may contain round electron-dense
granules in the cytoplasma adjacent to their
axon.
 To function as touch receptors.
 Are melanin producing cells in the basal layer
of gingival epithelium.
 Lack desmosome and tonofilament and are
dendritic.
 They have the melanine granules
(melanosomes) in the cytoplasm.
 They are associated with gingival inflammation.
 May be found in the gingival and connective tissue.
 May be located anywhere in the gingiva but most
often underlie junctional epithelium.
 They have no desmosom, tonofilament or
organelles.
 Lymphocytes appear typical, with a large oval
nucleus occupying most of the cytoplasmic space.
 Lining mucosa
 Masticatory mucosa
 Lips
 Gingival & epithelium
 Soft palate
attachment
 Cheeks
 Free & attachment
 Ventral surface of gingival
tongue
 Junctional Epithelium
 Floor of the mouth
 Interdental papilla & Col
 Hard palate
 Specialized Mucosa
 Types of papilla
 Taste buds
 Is composed of thin layer epithelium and an
underlying lamina propria.
 Epithelium composed of basal layer of
cuboidal cells, termed the stratum basale.
 The second layer is stratum intermedium or
stratum spinosum, the cells appear oval and
somewhat flattened.
 The third or superficial layer has a flattened
cells and many containing small oval nuclei.
 The lamina propria composed of the papillary
and reticular connective tissue.
 Moist-surface
 Stratified squamous cells
 Nonkeratinized epithelium
 Seromucous gland (part of the minor salivary
glands) in the lamina propria
 The vermillion border is the junction
between oral mucosa and the skin of the lip.
 It is known as a red border because the
epithelium is thin, contains eleidin, and the
blood vessels near the surface.
 In the skin of the lips are hair follicles, and
their associated sebaceous glands, errecto
pili muscles, sweat glands.
 At the angles of the mouth, there is a
sebaceous glands that are known as
Fordyce’s spot.
 The lip provides an example of
thin keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium of the
outside skin, and thick
nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium of the
inside oral mucosa. The
transitional zone between
these two regions is the red
margin which consists of
keratinized epithelium. Minor
mucoserous salivary glands
are located under the oral
mucosa.
 The oral mucosa (lining of
the oral cavity) consists of
stratified squamous
epithelium. Here on the
inside of the lip the
epithelium is
nonkeratinized; it lacks a
keratin layer. Underlying the
epithelium is the lamina
propria which consists of
loose connective tissue.
Minor seromucous salivary
glands are also present
 The skin of the lip consists of keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium in which hair follicles, sweat
glands and sebaceous glands can be seen. Sweat
glands are tubular glands that empty onto the
surface of the skin, while sebaceous glands empty
into hair follicles.
 The red margin is very thin keratinized
epithelium with no hair follicles or sweat
glands. The orbicularis oris muscle fibers
come close to the red margin.
 The submucosa of the oral cavity is composed of
dense connective tissue containing blood vessels,
nerves and mixed seromucous glands.
 More pink than hard palate
 Cause lamina propia contains many small blood
vessels.
 In the submucosa contains muscle of the soft palate
 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Nonkeratinized
 Has lamina propria and underlying
submucosa.
 Submucosa contains fat cells and mixed
glands (seromucous).
 Nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
consists of layers of living
cells. The cells of the upper
layers of epithelium appear
clear due to fluid in the cells.
The fluid protects the
underlying layers against
machanical damage. The
epithelium is divided into
layers: the deepest layer,
stratum basale provides
progenitor cells to renew the
epithelium, the stratum
spinosum consists of
variable-shaped cells
connected together by
desmosomes. The cells in the
upper most levels of the
spinosum layer are flat.
 Contains a lamina propria and submucosa
 Submucosa contains the muscle fibers that
located under the surface of the tongue.
 Nonkeratinized
 Appears loosely attached to the lamina
propria
 There are minor salivary glands
 In the right and left there are major mucous
glands (sublingual glands)
Gingival & epithelium attachment
Free & attachment gingival
Junctional Epithelium
Interdental papilla & Col
Hard palate
 Attached gingiva is located apical to the gingival sulcus. It is
generally parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium which
means that the upper layer of cells is dead but retain their nuclei.
Characteristics of keratinized epithelium is the presence of very
long rete pegs and connective tissue papillae. The attached
gingiva lacks a submucosa and is directly attached to bone.
 In healthy gingival epithelium
"stippling" is often seen which
appear as small pits in the
epithelium. These are due to
the deep rete pegs. In this
micrograph of attached
epithelium, you can see a layer
of keratin. The upper layer of
cells have lost their nuclei and
the epithelium is called
orthokeratinized.
 The Interdental papilla is
the gingiva that located
between the teeth and
extending high on the
interproximal area of the
crowns on the labial and
lingual surfaces.
 The Col is the junctional
epithelium in the proximal
area
 The col is nonkeratinized
epithelium, thin.
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
 The median raphe is the midline of hard palate,
where an incisive papilla can find in the anterior
area.
 On each side of median raphe are ridges called
rugae.
 Traction bands are bundels of collagen fibers that
insert into the papillary fibers of the lamina propria
and extend into the bony palate.
 The lamina propria of the mucosa of the hard palate in the
midline region (median raphe) serves at the periosteum of
the bone and thus the mucosa is called a mucoperi-osteum.
A submucosa with adipose tissue exists in the anterolateral
region of the hard palate. The epithelium of the hard palate
is keratinized.
 In the posterolateral region of the hard palate the
submucosa contains seromucous glands. A,
Seromucous glands; B, Mucoperiosteum
 Just posterior to the central
incisors, there is an elevation of
the oral mucosa called the
incisive papilla. Sometimes, a
nasopalatine duct (lined with
pseudo-stratified ciliated
epithelium) is present that
opens via the incisive foramen
into the incisive A,
Nasopalatine duct; B,
Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
•Types of papilla
•Taste buds
 Chemical substance in the oral
cavity stimulate taste bud
sensory cells through a small
opening in the epithelium called
the taste pore. The taste bud
contains sensory cells (with
apical microvilli), supporting cells
and basal cells, the latter
providing new cells for the taste
bud every 5 to 10 days. Upon
stimulation, sensory cells release
chemicals from their basal
membrane to stimulate sensory
nerve endings from taste
ganglion cells which relay the
input to the brainstem. A, Taste
bud; B, Taste pore; C, Basal cell;
D, Sensory cell
 The surface of the
tongue is covered with
epithelial protrusions
called papilla. The most
numerous of these
papillae is the
keratinized filiform
papilla which is non-
sensory and gives the
tongue a rough
surface.
 Mushroom-shaped papilla called fungiform papilla possess taste buds
(onion-shaped groupings of sensory cells) on their dorsal surface. The
epithelium overlying the sensory papillae is generally nonkeratinized or
very lightly keratinized. The fungiform papilla are dispersed over the
anterior region of the dorsal tongue; perceive sweet, salty and sour; and
are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve. A, Fungiform papilla
 A V-shaped row of about eight
very large papilla called
circumvallate papilla exist on
the posterior tongue. These
papilla are surrounded by a deep
trough (groove in the mucosa).
Taste buds are located down
within the groove, and detect
bitter substances. Special serous
glands called von Ebner glands
secrete into the base of the
troughs to wash out the bitter
substances after taste bud
stimulation. A, Circumvallate
papilla; B, vonEbner gland; C,
Trough; D, Taste bud
40-60 cells each; three cell types

 a. Supporting cells - most numerous

 b. Taste (gustatory) cells (receptors) - with

gustatory hairs (receptor membranes;
microvilli) protruding through taste pore in
papillae

 c. Basal cells - at base of bud; mitotic activity

for replacement of taste cells (7-10 days
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