OTHER THEORIES ON

TEACHING READING
RUMELHART MODEL
Proponent: David E. Rumelhart (1977)
Rumelhart Model
 Successful reading is both a perceptual and a cognitive
process
 Stresses the influence of various sources namely feature
extraction, orthographic knowledge, lexical knowledge,
syntactic knowledge and semantic knowledge on the
text processing and the reader’s interpretation.
 Incorporates a mechanism labeled as the ‘message
centre’, which holds the information and then redirects
them as needed.
 This mechanism allows the sources of knowledge to
interact with each other and thereby enable higher-
level processing to influence lower-level processing.
Rumelhart Model
In his model:
 Graphic information enters the
process through a Visual
Information Store (VIS)
 A cognitive Feature Extraction
Device selects the important
features of the graphic input
 A Pattern Synthesizer takes this
information along with
syntactic, semantic,
orthographic, lexical and
pragmatic knowledge (context)
in order to produce the most
probable interpretation for the
graphic input.
 The reading process is the result
of the parallel application of
sensory and non-sensory
sources of information
INTERACTIVE-COMPENSATORY READING MODEL

Proponent: Keith E. Stanovich (1980)

INTERACTIVE-COMPENSATORY
READING MODEL
 Neither BU or TD address all areas of reading comprehension
 But the interactive-compensatory taps into the strengths of both BU and TD
 Says that readers rely on both BU and TD processes simultaneously and
alternatively depending on the reading purpose, motivation, schema and
knowledge of the subject
 Incorporates the ‘compensatory mode’ to his model with the interaction between the
top-down and bottom-up processing.
 The compensatory mode enables the reader to, “at any level compensate for his or
her deficiencies at any other level” (Samuels and Kamil, 1988: 32).
 This model has enabled researchers to theorize how good and poor readers
approach a text.
 If there is a deficiency at an early print-analysis stage (BU), higher order
knowledge structures (TD) will attempt to compensate.
 For the poor reader, who may be both inaccurate and slow at word recognition but
who has knowledge of the text-topic, TD processing may allow for this compensation
INTERACTIVE-COMPENSATORY
READING MODEL
 E.g. A beginning reader who is weak at decoding reads this and do
not know the word emerald.
The jeweler put the green emerald in the ring
He will still understand the meaning of the sentence because he may
use context and knowledge of gems to decide what the word is
 States that if one of the processors (i.e, orthographic, lexical,
syntactic and semantic) fails, other processors will facilitate
comprehension
For example in a closed vocabulary exercises:
Beagles, Retriever, Spaniels, as well as other ____ of dogs are favorite
canines for hunting enthusiast.
The lexical information is absent, but students would guess the word
breeds or types, since syntactic and semantic cues compensate for
the absent processors
ANDERSON & PEARSON SCHEMA-THEORETIC VIEW

Proponents: Richard C. Anderson & P. David Pearson

ANDERSON & PEARSON SCHEMA-
THEORETIC VIEW
 Focus on the role of schemata, knowledge stored in
memory, in text comprehension
 Comprehension = interaction between old & new
information
 Schema Theory: Already known general ideas
subsume & anchor new information
Include: a) info about the relationships among the
components, b) role of inference & c) reliance on
knowledge of the content, + abstract & general
schemata.
ANDERSON & PEARSON SCHEMA-
THEORETIC VIEW
 Schemata:
Knowledge already stored in memory, function in the process of interpreting
new information and allowing it to enter and become part of the
knowledge store
 Schema:
An abstract knowledge structure
A structure that represents the relationship among its component parts

 Read this:

Queen Elizabeth participated in a long-delayed ceremony in Clydebank,

Scotland yesterday. While there is still bitterness here following the protracted
strike, on this occasion a crowd of shipyard workers numbering in the hundreds
joined dignitaries in cheering as the HMS Pinafore slipped into the water.

What is the name of the ceremony?

THANK YOU!

SUBMITTED BY:
ANNE TIMOTIE M. REBULADO

BSED-4