The human Skeleton

•A skeleton is a framework of
about 206 bones
• it protects the body's organs
•supports the body
• provides attachment points for
muscles to enable body movement,
•functions as a storage site for
minerals such as calcium and
phosphorus and produces blood
cells.
•There are two parts to the skeleton
– Axial and Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
• The Axial skeleton Is made
up of 80 bones
• It is composed of five parts;
• The human skull
• The ossicles of the middle
ear
• The hyoid bone of the
throat
• The rib cage
• The vertebral column
• Cranium (the skull) (8)

• Facial (14)

• Middle Ear (Auditory Ossicles) (6)

• Hyoid Bone of the throat (1)

• Vertebral Column (26)

• Cervical vertebrae (7)
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Lumbar vertebrae (5)
• Sacrum (1)
• Coccyx (1)

• Thoracic Cage (25)

 Function of the Axial Skeleton
• Supports the head, neck and trunk
• Protects the brain, spinal cord and thoracic
organs
• Blood cell formation: hematopoiesis
• Mineral homeostasis
• Storage: stores fat and minerals.
• It's main purposes are to protect your vital
organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs,
and to provide an efficient structure to
perform a variety of work.
Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdles (4 bones) - Left and right Clavicle (2) and Scapula (2).

• 2) Arm and Forearm (6 bones) - Left and right Humerus (Arm), Ulna and
Radius (Fore Arm).

• 3) Hands (58 bones) – Left and right Carpals (16) (wrist), Metacarpal (10),
Proximal phalanges (10), Middle phalanges (8), distal phalanges (10), and
sesamoid (4).

• 4) Pelvis (2 bones) - Left and right os coxae, Ilium, ishchium, pubis.

• 5) Thigh and leg (8 bones) - Femur (2) (thigh), Tibia (2), Patella (2) (knee),
and Fibula (2) (leg).

• 6) Feet (56 bones) - Tarsals(14) (ankle), Metatarsals (10), Proximal

phalanges (10), middle phalanges (8), distal phalanges (10), and sesamoid
(4).
 Types of Bones

There are 5 types of bone found within

the human body. These are long
bones, short bones, flat bones,
irregular bones and sesamoid bones.
• Long bones are some of the longest bones in
the body, such as the femur, humerus and
Tibia, Radius, Ulna, clavicle.

• Short bones are defined as being

approximately as wide as they are long. Such
as carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, tarsal's,
metatarsals.
• Flat bones,strong, flat plates of bone such as,
scapula, cranium.

• The classic example of a flat bone is the

Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast
bone), Cranium (skull), Pelvis and Ribs are also
classified as flat bones.
• Irregular bones have an unusual shape. Good
examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum and
Mandible (lower jaw).

• Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones,

imbedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of
this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within the
Patella or Quadriceps tendon. Other sesamoid bones
are the smallest of the Carpals and the two small
bones at the base of the 1st Metatarsal.
 Classifications of joint
• There are three main "CATEGORIES" or "CLASSIFICATIONS" of joint:

1) Where the joint can move only partially: slightly moveable (sometimes
called partially moveable)

2) Where the joint can move in many directions: freely moveable.

3) Where the joint cannot move: fixed.

 Fibrous joints
These joints are also called fixed or immoveable joints,
because they do not move. The bones of your skull and pelvis
are held together by fibrous joints.
 Cartilaginous joints

• Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the

bones are attached by cartilage. These
joints allow for only a little movment, such
as in the spine or ribs.
 Synovial joint
• A Synovial joint, also known as a
diarthrosis, is the most common and
most movable type of joint in the body of a
mammal. As with most other joints,
synovial joints achieve movement at the
point of contact of the articulating bones.
• There are six types of synovial joints:
 Hinge joint
• The elbow is a hinge joint; it can open and
close like a door. The word "extend" is
used to mean straighten the joint and the
word "flex" to mean bend the joint.

• A sporting example
would be a bicep curl.
 Saddle joint
• The only saddle joints in the body are in the
thumbs. The bones in a saddle joint can rock
back and forth and from side to side, but they
have limited rotation.
• A sporting example would be the ‘W’ Position in
netball, formed to help receive a pass.
 Ball and socket joint
• A type of joint that allows one part to rotate at almost any
angle with respect to another. Ball-and-socket joints
occur naturally, as in the human hip and shoulder joints,
Of all diarthrodial (fully moveable) joints in the body, ball-
and-socket joints are the most mobile and allow
movement in three planes.

• A sporting example would be a

Football player taking a free-kick.
 Ellipsoid joints
• Ellipsoid joints are similar to a ball and socket
joint. They allow the same type of movment
to a lesser magnitude. The wrist is an ellipsoid
joint.

A sporting example would be a

Shot in a netball game, where the
Wrist bends backwards and springs up
In order to perform the shot.
 Pivot Joint
• Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis.
The neck and forearms have pivot joints.
In the neck the occipital bone spins over
the top of the axis. In the forearms the
radius and ulna twist around each other.

• A sporting example would

Be a header in football
 Gliding Joint
• This type of joint allows bones to glide
past each other. There are gliding joints in
your ankles, wrists and spine.

• A sporting example would

be a golf swing.