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Calculation of Loss
Calculation of Loss
Calculation of Loss
Sabah Hassan Alwan Ali Abdul Razzaq Al -Tahir Ahmed Selman Altuma
University of Kerbala
4-5/11/2019
3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences
3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences
University of Kerbala, Engineering College 1
University of Kerbala, Engineering College
Paper Plan
3- Boundary Conditions
4- Simulation Results
5- Validation
6- Conclusion
2
Outline Presentation
3
Computation of loss and load factors
The load factor can be calculated :
𝑡 𝑃𝐿𝐷2 1−𝑡
𝐿𝐷𝐹 = + (1)
𝑇 𝑃𝑙𝐷1 𝑇
The loss factor is
𝑡 𝑃𝐿𝐷2 2 1−𝑡
𝐿𝑆𝐹 = (2)
𝑇 𝑃𝐿𝐷1 𝑇
2
𝐿𝑆𝐹 = 𝐿𝐷𝐹 1 − 𝑥 + 𝐿𝐷𝐹 𝑥 (3)
where 𝑥 indicates a constant coefficient PLD2
Load
t
𝐿𝐷𝐹 denotes a load factor, t
T-t
PLD1
𝐿𝑆𝐹 is a loss factor T
𝑘 𝑘
𝑃𝐿𝑆 = 𝐶𝑘 𝑃𝐿𝐷 (4) PLS2
Loss t
PLS1
1.6 T-t
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐿𝑎𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (5) t
T
4
Figure 1. Loss and load curves with time variation.
The Research Methodology: The Proposed Approach
𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑌≜ 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥
= 𝑎 (1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯ ) (6)
𝑥 ∞ 𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑒 ≜ σ𝑛=0 𝑛! = 1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯ . (7)
σ𝑁 𝑁 2 𝑁
𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑌𝑖 σ𝑖 𝑥𝑖 −σ𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑌𝑖
𝑎 ≜ 2 (9)
𝑁 σ𝑁𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2 − σ𝑁 𝑥𝑖
𝑖
𝑁 σ𝑁
𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑙𝑛𝑌𝑖− σ𝑁
𝑖 𝑥𝑖 σ𝑁
𝑖 𝑙𝑛𝑌𝑖
𝑏≜ 2 (10)
𝑁 σ𝑁 2 𝑁
𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − σ𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑹𝟏 0.0485 Ω/km
𝑿𝟏 0.2725 Ω/km
𝑹𝟎 0.0485 Ω/km
𝑿𝟎 1.154 Ω/km
Nominal Power 76 MW
CB14
CB1
CB17
CB2
CB20
CB3
CB3
CB4
CB5
33CB1 33CB2 33CB3
BS BS
BR-BC BR-BC
33 BB1 33 BB3
33 BB2
CB10
33BS1 33BS2
CB2
CB7
CB5
CB6
CB8
CB9
CB11
CB12
CB3
CB4
BS BS
BR-BC BR-BC
FD1 FD5 FD6 FD7 FD8 33 BB1 33 BB2 33 BB3
FD2 FD3 FD4 FD9 FD10 FD11 FD12
BS BS
11 CB1 BR-BC BR-BC
CB10
CB11
CB6
33BS2
CB5
CB7
11 BB1 11 BB2 11 CB2 11CB3 11 BB3 33BS1
CB1
CB9
CB2
CB8
CB4
CB3
CB3
AUX
CB1
CB2
CB5
CB6
CB8
CB4
CB7
CB12
11BS1
CB9
11BS2
CB10
CB11
CB1
FD1 FD2 FD3 FD4 FD5 FD6 FD7 FD8 FD10 FD11 FD12 FD6
FD9 FD1 FD2 FD3 FD4 FD5 FD7 FD8 FD9 FD10 FD11
Auxiliary TR3
11/0.4 KV
Figure (5): Single line diagram for the southern Figure (6): Single line diagram for the northern
distribution substation in Karbala city. distribution substation in Karbala city
7
Simulation Results and Verifications
1 00 100 100
Jan Feb Mar 1 Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar
80 80 80 0.8 0.8 0.8
Load KW
Load kW
Load KW
Load KW
60 60 60 0.6 0.6 0.6
40 40 40 0.4 0.4 0.4
20 20 20 0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 8 12 1 6 2 0 2 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs)
1 00 100 100 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep
Jul Aug Sep
0.8 0.8 0.8
Load KW
Load KW
Load KW
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 8 12 1 6 2 0 2 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs)
Monthly average load curve for the distribution between Figure 8 Monthly average loss curve for the distribution
South and West Karbala
8
between South and West of Karbala distribution substations.
Simple Comparaison by Different Methods
Table 2. Simple comparison among average loss factors as computed by different methods
Actual data [16] Comparison with expected loss factors
Month Average Power Loss
Load Factor Loss Factor Buller Hoebel Gustafson Proposed
Approach
Jan. 0.75149 0.6027 0.685 0.633 0.658 0.577 268.673
9
Dec. 0.7064 0.5360 0.633 0.573 0.594 0.522 243.063
Monthly average loss factors using different methods Monthly averrage power losses in Watt
0.9 400
0.8 350
0.7
300
0.6
250
0.5
200
0.4
150
0.3
0.2 100
0.1 50
0 0
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sep. Aug. July Jun. May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sep. Aug. Jul. Jun. May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
Figure 9. Monthly average loss factors using various Figure 10. Monthly average power losses using the
methods proposed approach
10
Conclusions
Quantifying energy loss is a serious goal for a simple study of electrical network,
yet it gives a good overall idea of the current state and required expansion of the
electric networks with a view to unexpected future load growth.
Energy loss computations are considered the largest challenge for developing the
electrical networks of many countries.
A mathematical approach to calculating the relationships between various loss
and load factors has been successfully applied to one of the electrical distribution
networks in Karbala city.
The proposed approach takes all the conditions in the polynomial equations,
including the expansion of 𝑒x, into account, and this explains why the proposed
method comes much closer to the actual results compared with other methods
used to compute the loss factor as listed in Table 2.
The approach used in this study takes into consideration the effect of total
constant losses caused by the major electrical parts of the power systems.
11
thank you For Your Attention
Questions?
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