Alpha Breathing

Evocation
Introduction to Internet and
their components
 What is Internet?
• The Internet is a computer network that
interconnects hundreds of MILLIONS OF
COMPUTING DEVICES throughout the world.
• Computing device examples
– PC
– Linux Workstation
– Servers(stores webpages and e-mail messages).
– Laptops, smartphones etc.
– All the above mentioned called as End systems
Visualization of Internet routing paths
 How End Systems are Connected
• They are connected by a network of
– Communication Links(Physical Media)
– Packet Switches(uses package of information
called packets)
Internetwork
 Packet Switches
• Types
– Routers
– Link Layer Switches
(How Packet Switches works listen to the
lecture)
 How End System Access the Internet?
• End System uses Internet Service Providers(ISP).
• ISPs provide a variety of types of network access to the end systems,
including residential broadband access such as cable modem or DSL,
high-speed local area network access, wireless access, and 56 kbps
dial-up modem access.
• Quiz
Which of the following 'pieces' of the Internet is a host (or end system)?
a)A WiFi link
b) An ISP
c) A computer
d) A modem
 Services Description(Internet In-
Depth)
• Internet can also called as infrastructure that
provide the services to Application.
• Applications example
– Web surfing
– E-mail
– Social networks
– P2P
– VoIP etc. which are called as distributed applications.
– Listen to Lecture example for API
Application Program Interface(API)
• specifies how a program running on one end
system asks the Internet infrastructure to deliver
data to a specific destination program running
on another end system.
• Listen to the Lecture (example)
• Quiz
• The 'services' view of the Internet discussed views the
Internet as an infrastructure that provides services to
distributed applications that are built on 'top' of these
Internet services. What are some popular distributed
Internet applications, and what services do you think
they might use?
 What Is a Protocol?
• The set of rules and regulations is called a Protocol.

• A protocol defines the format and the order of messages

exchanged between two or more communicating entities, as well
as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a
message or other event.
 Need of Protocol
•Human intercommunication (in pairs or larger
groups) requires rules of conversation (do not
speak if someone else is speaking) to function
effectively.
•Computers are no different. Consider the
following simplistic analogy:
• Two computers connected via a single
connection -- Imagine two people
talking via two tin cans connected via
piece of string: If the two people talk
at the same time then we get what is
known (in networking terms) as data
collision.
•Therefore, we need regulations and rules to
how we communicate over a computer
network. For example to remote login (telnet),
FTP
Network Edge
 Access Networks
• Types of Accessing
Networks
– DSL
– Cable
– FTTH
– Dial-Up
– Satellite
 Digital Subscriber Line(DSL)

• DSL Modem
– Uses existing telephone line to exchange data with
DSLAM
• Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer(DSLAM)
– the analog signals from many such houses are translated back
into digital format at the DSLAM.
 Cont.,
• Frequencies of Residential Telephone line

A high-speed downstream channel, in the 50 kHz to 1 MHz

band
A medium-speed upstream channel, in the 4 kHz to 50 kHz
band
An ordinary two-way telephone channel, in the 0 to 4 kHz
band
• Data Rates of DSL Standards
• 12 Mbps downstream and 1.8 Mbps upstream
• 24 Mbps downstream and 2.5 Mbps upstream
 Cable Internet Access

Uses Cable Modems

• Connects the home PC through an Ethernet Port.
• CMTS do the same function that of DSLAM
Data Rate
• DOCSIS 2.0 standard defines downstream rates up to 42.8 Mbps and upstream rates of up to 30.7 Mbps.
Disadvantage:
• Uses shared broadcast medium
Fiber to the Home(FTTH)
• Fiber Connects CO to home
Cont.,
• Optical Distribution Networks
• Used for splitting
• Types
• Active Optical Networks(AON)
• Passive Optical Networks(PON)
• PON
• ONT(Optical Network Terminator)
• Dedicated optical fiber to splitter
• OLT(Optical Line Terminator)
– Used in CO
– Provides conversion between optical and electrical signal
• Data Rate
– The average downstream speed of US FTTH customers was approximately
20 Mbps in 2011
 Satellite
• a satellite link can be used to connect a
residence to the Internet at speeds of more
than 1 Mbps;
• StarBand and HughesNet are two such
satellite access providers.
 Access in the Enterprise (and the
Home): Ethernet and WiFi

twisted-pair copper wire to connect to an Ethernet switch

 WiFi

• Uses IEEE802.11 standard

• Shared transmission rate of up to
54 Mbps
Wide-Area Wireless Access:3G and LTE
• 3G
– packet-switched wide-area wireless Internet
access at speeds in excess of 1 Mbps
• Long-Term Evolution
• LTE downstream rates of many tens of Mbps
 Physical Media
• Types
– Guided
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
– Unguided
• Wireless LAN
• Digital Satellite Channel
 Twisted Pair Cable

Types
UTP: a cable containing several twisted pairs that is only
insulated but not shielded.
STP:is a cable containing several twisted pairs that has
individual shields, an outer shield, and an insulator.
ScTP (Screened Twisted Pair) is similar with STP but
each twisted pair has no individual shield.
 Contd.,
Category Type Bandwidth Typical applications

Cat 1 UTP < 1 MHz telephone

Cat 2 UTP 1 MHz telephone
UTP, ScTP,
Cat 3 16 MHz telephone, 10BaseT, 4 Mbps Token Ring
STP
UTP, ScTP,
Cat 4 20 MHz 16 Mbps Token Ring, 10BaseT
STP
UTP, ScTP,
Cat 5 100 MHz 10BaseT, 100BaseT
STP
UTP, ScTP,
Cat 5e 350 MHz 100BaseT, 1000BaseT
STP
UTP, ScTP,
Cat 6 550 MHz 1000BaseT, ATM
STP
Cat 7 ScTP, STP 600 MHz 10 Gbps network
 Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable is often classified based on its characteristic impedance.

Most coaxial cables have characteristic
impedance of 50 or 75 Ohms.
RG-Radio Grades
RG-6-70 ohms connects cable modem or TV
RG-58-50 ohms used in Ehernet
 Fiber Optics

Optical Carrier (OC) standard link speeds range from 51.8 Mbps to 39.8
Gbps; these specifications are often referred to as OC-n, where the link
speed equals n + 51.8 Mbps.
 Terrestrial Radio Channels
Terrestrial radio channels can be broadly classified into three groups: those
that operate over very short distance (e.g., with one or two meters); those
that operate in local areas, typically spanning from ten to a few hundred
meters

Satellite Radio Channels

Two types of satellites are used in communications: geostationary satellites

and low-earth orbiting (LEO) satellites.
Brain Activation
 Brain Teaser 1

A man walks into a restaurant and the the

waiter says good day Admiral.
Why did the waiter call the the man an
Admiral?
Brain Teaser 1 Answer

Because he was wearing his uniform !

I'M you
I'm bigger than you
cycleCYCLEcycle
Tricycle
 Survey and Reading
• Text Book : James F.Kurose & Keith W.Ross, “Computer
Networking A Top-down Approach Featuring the Internet”,
PHI, 2007.

• Page No : 1 to 22
Discussion
 Mind Map
Fiber, Running
Copper, network
Radio, apps
Satellite

Hosts =
Internet: “nuts End
Communic
and bolts” view systems
ation links

Protocol

Format, order of
msgs sent and Network Network edge
received among Structure Access
network entities networks
Network core
 Summary
• Internet: “network of networks”
– Interconnected ISPs
• Protocols control sending, receiving of msgs
– e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11
• Internet standards
– RFC: Request for comments
– IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
• Infrastructure that provides services to applications:
– Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, social nets, …
• Provides programming interface to apps
– hooks that allow sending and receiving app programs to
“connect” to Internet
– Provides service options, analogous to postal service.
 Assessment
Multiple Choice Questions

1. The _______ is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver.
a. protocol b. message c. transmission medium d. sender
2. _______ is a network reliability issue.
a. The number of users b. The type of transmission medium
c. The frequency of failure d. Unauthorized access
3. Which transmission mode (Simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex) can be compared to the following?
a. A heated argument between Lucy and Desi.
b. A computer-to-monitor connection.
c. A polite conversation between Aunt Gertrude and Aunt Rowena.
d. A television broadcast.
Two Mark Questions
1. What is the Internet?
2. What is a protocol?
3. Define Protocol.
4. List out the standards of an Internet.
5. Give some examples for Communication links.

Descriptive Questions
1. Explain the term Nuts and Bolts of internet.
2. Briefly Discuss about Network edge.
 Learning outcomes

• Learning the basic concepts of networks components needed

for data communication, Internet nuts and bolts view, how
the Network edge and Network core are arranged physically
for effective communication. It will help the students to
understand OSI model in the forthcoming topic