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Alpha Breathing

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 Evocation

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 Internet Service Providers

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12/24/2019 ISP 5
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Internet structure: Network of Networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

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Internet structure: Network of Networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP to each

other directly doesn’t scale: O(N2)
access connections. access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

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Internet structure: Network of Networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

global
access
ISP access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

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 Internet structure: Network of Networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A

access access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

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 Internet structure: Network of Networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access IXP access

net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
peering link
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

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Internet structure: Network of Networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
ISPS
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access IXP access

net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

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Internet structure: Network of Networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft,
Akamai ) may run their own network, to bring services, content
close to end users
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP B
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

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Internet structure: Network of Networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IXP IXP IXP

Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

• at center: small # of well-connected large networks

– “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage
– content provider network (e.g, Google): private network that connects it
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data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs
 Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering
… … …
…

to/from customers

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 niarB noitavitcA

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 PUZZLE 1

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 Answer 1

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 PUZZLE 2

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 Answer 2

Shellfish (Chippi)
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 PUZZLE 3

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 Answer 3

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 Survey and Reading
• Text Book : James F.Kurose & Keith W.Ross, “Computer
Networking A Top-down Approach Featuring the Internet”,
PHI, 2007.

• Page No : 32 to 35

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 Discussion

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 Mind Map
Network structure 1
Interconnects all
access ISPs with
Single Global Transit
ISP.
Network Structure 5
Network structure 4 by adding
Content provider network

Network Structure 2
100,000 access
Networks of Networks ISPs & Multiple
global transit ISPs
Network Structure 4
Access ISPs,Regional
ISPs,tier-1
ISPs,POPs, multi-
homing, peering IXPs
Network Structure 3
Multiple competing
regional ISP in a
region.
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 Summary
• End systems (PCs, smartphones, Web servers, mail servers,and so
on) connect into the Internet via an access ISP.
• Access ISP pays the global transit ISP, the access ISP is said to be a
customer and the global transit ISP is said to be a provider.
• Any given region, there may be a regional ISP to which the
access ISPs in the region connect. Each regional ISP then
connects to tier-1 ISPs.
• Google is currently one of the leading examples of such a content
provider network. As of this writing, it is estimated that Google has
30 to 50 data centers distributed across North America,Europe,
Asia, South America, and Australia.
• The Google private network only carries traffic to/from Google
servers.

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