Psychrometry N Cooling Load Calc

Dr.
Munish Gupta
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering
Psychrometry Psychrometric Chart Moist Air Prop. Psychrometric Processes Cooling Load Calculations
PSYCHROMETRY
PSYCHROMETRY  Science dealing with physical laws of
air – water mixtures.
• When designing an air-conditioning system, the temp. and
moisture content of the air to be conditioned and that of the air
needed to produce the desired air conditioning effect, must be
known. Once these properties are known, the air conditioning task
can be determined. This analysis can be performed using the
psychrometric chart.
• Psychrometric Chart: graphically displays several physical
properties of air over a broad range of conditions. Knowing the
relationship of these air properties aids the task of air conditioning
system design and analysis.
Dr. Munish Gupta 2

Psychrometry Moist Air Prop. Psychrometric Chart Psychrometric Processes Cooling Load Calculations
MOIST AIR PROPERTIES

Psychrometric Chart contains following 5 physical properties
to describe the characteristics of moist air:
1. DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (DBT)

2. WET BULB TEMPERATURE (WBT)
3. DEW POINT TEMPERATURE (DPT)
4. RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)
5. HUMIDITY RATIO / SPECIFIC HUMIDITY (w)
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DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (DBT)

Dry-bulb temperature is the temperature that can be read
from an ordinary thermometer that has a dry bulb.
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WET BULB TEMPERATURE (WBT)

The temperature that can be read
from a thermometer whose bulb is
covered by a wet wick.
The difference between WBT and
DBT is caused by the cooling effect
produced by the evaporation of
moisture from the wick.
Consequently, “DBT-WBT” is a
measure of the dryness of air, which
is termed as
WET BULB DEPRESSION = DBT-WBT.
The drier the air, the greater will be
the value of (DBT-WBT)
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DEW POINT TEMPERATURE (DPT)

It is the temperature at which
moisture leaves the air and
condenses on objects, just as dew
forms on grass and plant leaves.
OR
It can also be defined as the temp.
upto which air must be cooled at
constant pressure, in order to cause
condensation of all of its water
vapours.
Dr. Munish Gupta 7

SATURATED AIR
When DBT = WBT = DPT
then air is saturated., means it can’t hold more moisture.
When air is saturated

moisture entering the air
displaces moisture within
the air.
The displaced moisture

leaves the air in the form of fine droplets. When this
condition occurs in nature, it is called fog.
Dr. Munish Gupta 8
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)

RH = Partial Pressure of Vapours in Mixture
Partial Pressure of Saturated vapours at same DBT
OR
RH = Amount of moisture that a given amount of air is holding
Amount of moisture that a given amount of air can hold
Basically, it is a comparison of the amount of moisture that a given

amount of air is holding, to the amount of moisture that the same
amount of air can hold, at the same dry-bulb temperature.
Dr. Munish Gupta 9

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)
Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage (%).

ɸ= mv/ms = Pv/Ps
For example,
if the Relative Humidity of the air is 50%, it contains one-half the
max. amount of moisture possible at the existing DBT.
Dr. Munish Gupta 10
How Relative Humidity is Measured?
Fig.: Wet and Dry Bulb Psychrometer
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How Relative Humidity is Measured?
If the difference between wet and dry bulb is 6º F and the

temperature is 72º F (dry bulb), then the RH is 54%.
Dr. Munish Gupta 12
HUMIDITY RATIO / SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY = Mass of water vapours in mixture
Mass of dry air present in the mixture
W=0.622xPv/(Pb-Pv)
It is generally expressed as grams of water present per kg of dry air.
Dr. Munish Gupta 13

PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR

• DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
• WET BULB TEMPERATURE
• DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY
• HUMIDITY RATIO / SPECIFIC
HUMIDITY
When any two of these five properties
of air are known, the other three can
be quickly determined from the
psychrometric chart.
Dr. Munish Gupta 14

Enthalpy of MOIST AIR

h=ha+hv
h=Cpatd +Whs+ Wcps(td-tdp)
h=(Cpa+Wcps)td + W(hfgtdp+2.3 tdp)
(Cpa+Wcps) is humid specific heat Cpm
The value is taken as 1.022 KJ/kgK
H=1.022 td+ W(hfgtdp+2.3 Tdp)
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
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DBT Lines
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WBT Lines
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RH Lines
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HR Lines
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DPT Lines
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Specific Enthalpy Lines
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Specific Volume Lines
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EXAMPLE:
• 95°F DB (dry bulb)
• 78°F WB (wet bulb)
What is the Relative Humidity, Humidity Ratio, and Dew

Point?
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MOIST AIR PROPERTIES on PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
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hr
I
26C
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PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES
1. Sensible Cooling
2. Sensible Heating
3. Humidification
4. De-humidification
5. Cooling and De-humidification
6. Cooling and Humidification
7. Heating and De-humidification
8. Heating and Humidification
9. Adiabatic Mixing of Two Stream of Air
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SENSIBLE COOLING
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SENSIBLE HEATING
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HUMIDIFICATION
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DE-HUMIDIFICATION
De-humidification
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COOLING & DE-HUMIDIFICATION
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Sensible heating
• The sensible heating of air is
the process in which only
the sensible heat of the air is added so as
to increase its temperature, and there is
no change in the moisture content (kg/kg
of dry air) of the air.
• The heat addition during the process on
chart is given by q=(h2-h1)
• DBT increases
• Relative humidity decreases
• Specific humidity remains constant
• q=(h2-h1)
• q=SH=macpm(∆t)
• It can be done by electric heater, passing
hot water or steam through heating coil
Dr. Munish Gupta 34

Sensible cooling
• The sensible cooling of air is
the process in which only
the sensible heat of the air is removed
so as to reduce its temperature, and
there is no change in the moisture
content (kg/kg of dry air) of the air.
• The heat rejection during the process on
chart is given by q=(h2-h1)
• DBT reduces
• Relative humidity increases
• Specific humidity remains constant
•q=(h2-h1)
•q=SH=macpm(∆t)
• It can be done by refrigerant, cooling
water or cool gas through coil.
Dr. Munish Gupta 35

By-Pass Factor
• One Kg of air is passed
• B kg of air is by-passed
• (1-B) kg comes in contact with
coil
• Balancing enthalpies
• Bcpmt1+(1-B) cpmt2=1cpmt3
• B=(t2-t3)/(t2-t1) (heating Coil)
• The performance of heating
and cooling coil is measured in
terms of a by-pass factor
• Low BF better performance
Dr. Munish Gupta 36

BY-PASS FACTOR
Cooling
Td1 Coil (Td3) Td2
ha hc
By-Pass Factor (BP) (heating coil) = Td3 – Td2

Td3 – Td1
By-Pass Factor (BP) (cooling coil) = Td2 – Td3

Td1 – Td3
It is the measurement of in-efficiency / in-effectiveness of
cooling coil.
Contact Factor (CF) = 1-BPDr. Munish Gupta 37
BPF on Psychrometric Chart
ADP
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Humidification
•The addition of moisture to the
air without change in DBT is
called humidification (heat is
added).RH and specific humidity
increases. DBT remains constant.
Only Latent heat is added
•Q=(h2-h1)=mahfg∆W Humidification
Dehumidification
•The removal of moisture to the
air without change in DBT is
called dehumidification (heat is
removed) De-humidification
Dr. Munish Gupta 39

Methods of obtaining humidification

and de-humidification
• Humidification can be obtained by spraying
steam or hot water
• Direct method: Water sprayed in highly
atomised state into room. Not effective
• Indirect Method: Water into air with air
washer. This air is supplied to room. The
humidification is done by (a) using re-
circulated spray water without prior heating of
air (b) by pre-heating the air then washing it
with re-circulated spray water (c) Using heated
spray water
• De-humidification can be done by air washer Air Washer
(chilled water below DPT) or chemicals
(absorbents CaCl2/ adsorbents silica gel and
activated carbon)
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SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO (SHR) /

SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (SHF)
The sensible heat factor is shown on the right side of psychometric chart
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Cooling and Dehumidification

• Summer Air conditioning for hot and humid
climate
• Air is passed over a cooling coil or cold water
is sprayed
• De-humidification is because the effective
surface temperature (called apparatus dew
point temperature ADP) of the cooling coil is
less than the Dew Point Temperature.
• Actual process follows the path shown by
dotted line
• It has both sensible and latent heat
Dr. Munish Gupta 42

Cooling and Adiabatic humidification

• Air is passed through an
insulated chamber
• Spray of water maintained at
temperature (higher than DPT,
Lower than DBT or equal to WBT
or lower than WBT)
• No heat is added or rejected the
condition of adiabatic saturation
will be reached
• The temperature of spray will be
equal to thermodynamic WBT
• The process follows the path of
constant WBT
Dr. Munish Gupta 43

Cooling and humidification by water

injection (Evaporative cooling)
• Air is passed through a chamber
• Spray of water maintained at temperature
(equal to WBT)
• The process follows the path of constant
WBT
• The water injection process is a constant
enthalpy process irrespective of the
temperature of water injected (whether its
less or more than WBT)
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Heating and humidification

• For winter air conditioning to warm and
humidify air
• Air is passed through humidifier with spray
water at temperature higher than DBT of
the air so air is saturated and becomes hot
• The heat of vaporisation of the water is
absorbed from spray water itself and gets
cooled
• Air gets heated and humidified
• RH can be higher or lower
• (By steam Injection)
• The DBT of air changes very little. Used in
textile mills requiring high humidity
Dr. Munish Gupta 45

Heating and Humidification by

adiabatic Chemical De-humdification
• Used in Industrial AC
• Air is passed over chemical having affinity
with moisture
• The moisture gets condensed (specific
humidity decreases)
• The heat of condensation supplies sensible
heat for heating the air and DBT increases.
Reverse of adiabatic saturation
• The path followed is along constant WBT
line
• In actual there is a release of heat of
adsorption the heat gain is more
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ADIABATIC MIXING OF 2 STREAMS OF

AIR
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ADIABATIC MIXING OF 2 STREAMS OF AIR
Mass balance
ma+mb=mc
Mass balance of water vapours
maWa+mbWb=mcWc
Energy balance
maha+mbhb=mchc
mb/ma=(hc-ha ) / (hc-hb)
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Human Comfort Charts
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Air conditioning systems

Factors affecting comfort air conditioning
• Temperature of air (21°C RH 26%)
• Humidity of air
• Purity of air
• Motion of air
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Classification of Air Conditioning

Systems
• According to purpose
• According to season of year
• According to the arrangement of equipment
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Winter air-conditioning System

• The outside air mixes with
recirculated air
• Mixed air passes through
filter(removes dust, impurities)
• Air is passed through pre
heated coil
• Then through a humidifier
• Then it is made to pass through
a reheat coil to bring air to
designed DBT
• The conditioned air is supplied
to room by fan
Dr. Munish Gupta 52

Summer air-conditioning System

recirculated air
• Air is passed through pre
cooling coil
• Then through a perforated
membrane and looses moisture
• Then it is made to pass through
a heating coil which heats up to
slightly to bring air to designed
DBT
to room by fan
Dr. Munish Gupta 53

Year Round air-conditioning System

recirculated air
• In summer Air is passed
through pre cooling coil
• Then through a perforated
membrane and looses moisture
• In winter cooling coil is made
inoperative and Air is passed
through heated coil
• The spray type humidifier is
used in dry season to humidify
air
to room by fan
Dr. Munish Gupta 54

Room sensible heat factor

RSHF=RSH/(RSH+RLH)
• The conditioned air supplied to the room must have capacity to take both
sensible and latent heat loads of room
• The supply air condition and room design condition must lie on this line
• Join the alignment circle to sensible heat factor ratio point. The line is
called base line Mark point having room design condition
• From the above said point draw a line parallel to base line. The line is
called Room sensible heat factor line.
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Drawing SHR Line on Psychrometric Chart
Index Point: DBT=78.8F (26C) and 50% RH

Dr. Munish Gupta 57
Grand sensible heat factor

GSHF=(RSH+OASH)/(RSH+OA
SH)+(RLH+OALH)
• The air supplied to the air
conditioning plant is a mixture of
fresh air (outside air and the
recirculated air having properties of
room air)
• The mixture air at point 3 enters the
cooling coil, it is cooled and
dehumidified
• The point 4 is leaving condition from
cooling coil or supply air to room
• When point 3 is joined with 4 the
line gives grand sensible heat factor
line
• The point 4 gives the ideal condition
for supply air to the room
Dr. Munish Gupta 58

Effective room sensible heat factor

ERSHF=ERSH/(ERSH+ERLH)
• The line joining point 2 to point 6 is
called effective room sensible heat
factor line
• Draw 4-4′ parallel to 3-2
• The point 4 is leaving condition
from cooling coil or supply air to
room
• When point 3 is joined with 4 the
line gives grand sensible heat factor
line
• The point 4 gives the ideal
condition for supply air to the room
Dr. Munish Gupta 59

Cooling Load Calculation Problem-1

• An air conditioned auditorium is to be maintained at 27 °C
DBT and 60% RH. The ambient condition is 40 °C DBT and 30
°C WBT. The total Sensible heat load is 100000 KJ/h and the
total heat load is 40000KJ/h.60% of the return air is
recirculated and mixed with 40% of make-up air after the
cooling coil. The condition of air leaving the cooling coil is at
18°C. Determine (a) Room sensible heat factor (b) The
condition of air entering the auditorium (c) The amount of
make-up air (d) Apparatus dew point temperature (e) By pass
factor of cooling coil?
Dr. Munish Gupta 60

• Calculate RSHF
• Mark point 4 and 1
• Mark line a-b (alingnment circle
and RSHF points)
• Draw line 4-5 parallel to a-b
• Mark point-2
• Join 1-2 upto point 6 (i.e., 1-6 line)
(GSHF line)
• Find pont 3 from mixing air (Point
3 is supply air to room)
• Find mass of supply air
• Find make up air
• Find ADP temperature
• Find by pass factor
• B=(td2-ADP)/(td1-ADP)
Dr. Munish Gupta 61


• The room sensible and latent heat loads for an air-
conditioned space are 25KW and 5KW respectively. The
room condition is 25°C dry bulb temperature and 50%
relative humidity. The outdoor condition is 40°C DBT and
50% relative humidity. The ventilation requirements is
such that on mass flow rate basis 20% of fresh air is
introduced and 80% of supply air is recirculated. The by-
pass factor of the cooling coil is 0.15.Determine (a)
supply air is recirculated (b) outside air sensible heat (c)
outside air latent heat (4) grand total heat (5) effective
room sensible heat factor
Dr. Munish Gupta 62

• Calculate RSHF
• Mark line a-b (alingnment circle
and RSHF points)
• Draw line 2-5 parallel to a-b
(RSHF line)
• Mark point-3 (20% Fresh air 80%
recirculated air)
• Join 3-6 such that Length 4-
6=Length 3-6 X 0.15 (Hit and trial)
• Supply air flow rate
RSH=0.02044ν(td2-td4) find ν
• OASH= 0.02044νₒ(td2-td4) find
νₒ=0.2 ν
• OALH=50 ν ₒ(W1-W2)
• GTH=TSH+TLH
• ERSH=RSH + OASHXBF
• ERLH=RLH + OALHXBF
• Find ERSH Dr. Munish Gupta 63
VARIOUS SOURCES OF HEAT
Dr. Munish Gupta 64

Components of cooling load

• Building structure by conduction
• Solar radiation through transparent/glass surfaces
• Heat conduction through exterior walls and roofs
• Heat conduction through ceilings, floors, and interior
partitions
• Heat generated in the space by occupants, lights, and
appliances
• Energy transfer through direct-with-space ventilation
and infiltration of outdoor air
• Miscellaneous heats gains
Dr. Munish Gupta 65

Cooling load components
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Dr. Munish Gupta 67


• The following data relates to office air conditioning plant having
maximum seating capacity of 25 occupants
• Outside design conditions =34°C DBT, 28°C WBT
• Inside design conditions =24°C DBT, 50% RH
• Solar heat gain = 9120W
• Latent heat gain per occupant =105 W
• Sensible heat gain per occupant = 90W
• Lightening load = 2300W
• Sensible heat load from other sources = 11630 W
• Infiltration load = 14 m3/min
• Assuming 40% fresh air and 60% of recirculated air passing through
the evaporator coil and the by-pass factor of 0.15, find the dew
point temperature of the coil and capacity of the plant.
Dr. Munish Gupta 68

• Mark point 2 and 1

• Locate point A
• Find νs1 at Point 1
• Mass of infiltrated air m1= ν1/ ν s1
• SH(infiltrated air )=m1(ha-h2)
• LH(infiltrated air )=m1(h1-ha)
• Total SHG (Occupants)=Qs x No. Of
Occupants
• Total LHG (Occupants)=QL x No. Of
Occupants
• Calculate
RSH=SHG(Solar)+SHG(Infiltration)+SHG(Occ
upants)+SHG(Lightening)+SHG(other
sources)
• RLH=LHG(Infiltration)+LHG(Occupants)
sources)
• Mark line a-b (alingnment circle and RSHF
points)
• Draw line a-b
• Draw 2-5 parallel to a-b
• Mark point 3 Length 2-3= Length 2-1xBF
• Find ADP point 6 BF= =(td4-td6)/(td3-td6)
• Find td4 by hit and trial method
• ma(h2-h4)=RTH find ma
Dr. Munish Gupta 69
COOLING LOAD PROBLEM-4

 Outside Conditions (O): 34C DBT & 28C WBT
 Inside Design Condition (r): 24C DBT & 50% RH
S. No. Heat Source SH LH Units
1 Walls, Roof, Floor 16160 0 kJ/hr.
2 Glass 15200 0 kJ/hr.
3 25 Occupants 25*300 25*360
7500 9000 kJ/hr.
4 15 Lamps (100 Watts each) 5400 0 kJ/hr.
5 10 Tubes (80 Watts each) 2880 0 kJ/hr.
6 Other sources 40000 0 kJ/hr.
7 Infiltration (14m3/min) To be calculated from
Psychrometric Chart
TOTAL HEAT kJ/hr.
 40% Fresh Air + 60% Recirculated Air, used in Conditioner

 Bypass Factor = 0.35
Dr. Munish Gupta 70
DBTm = 24*0.6 + 34*0.4 = 28C Where, mi = vi / (Sp. Vol.)o

ho
o
SHi = mi * (hi – hr)
hi
hr
m
r i
O: DBT=34, WBT= 28
I24 I
28
I
34
Dr. Munish Gupta 71
r: DBT=24, RH= 50%
COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

 Heat Gain:
S. No. Heat Source SH LH Units
1 Walls, Roof, Floor 16160 0 kJ/hr.
2 Glass 15200 0 kJ/hr.
3 25 Occupants 25*300 25*360
7500 9000 kJ/hr.
4 15 Lamps (100 Watts each) 5400 0 kJ/hr.
5 10 Tubes (80 Watts each) 2880 0 kJ/hr.
6 Other sources 40000 0 kJ/hr.
7 Infilteration (14m3/min) 10764 28829 Calculated from
Psychrometric Chart
TOTAL HEAT 97904 37829 kJ/hr.
 Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR) = TSH / (TSH + TLH)

= 0.72
Dr. Munish Gupta 72
Coil ho
Condition
Curve
hi
hr
m
r i
e
a
O: DBT=34, WBT= 28
I24 I
28
I
34
Dr. Munish Gupta 73
r: DBT=24, RH= 50%
 ma (hr – he) = (TSH + TLH)

ma = 135733 / (47.7 – 34.2) = 10054 kg/hr.
 Condition of Air at Point ‘e’ = 13C DBT & 92.5% RH
 Capacity of Air-Conditioner = ma (hm – he)
= 10054 (64.7 – 34.2)
3600 * 3.5
= 24.3 TR
Dr. Munish Gupta 74

Dr. Munish Gupta 75

Psychrometry N Cooling Load Calc

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Dr.

Dr. Munish Gupta 2

MOIST AIR PROPERTIES

1. DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (DBT)

Dr. Munish Gupta 3

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (DBT)

Dr. Munish Gupta 4

WET BULB TEMPERATURE (WBT)

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE (DPT)

Dr. Munish Gupta 7

When air is saturated

The displaced moisture

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)

Basically, it is a comparison of the amount of moisture that a given

Dr. Munish Gupta 9

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)

Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage (%).

How Relative Humidity is Measured?

Fig.: Wet and Dry Bulb Psychrometer

Dr. Munish Gupta 11

How Relative Humidity is Measured?

If the difference between wet and dry bulb is 6º F and the

HUMIDITY RATIO / SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

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PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR

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Enthalpy of MOIST AIR

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Specific Enthalpy Lines

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Specific Volume Lines

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PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR

What is the Relative Humidity, Humidity Ratio, and Dew

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PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR

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MOIST AIR PROPERTIES on PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

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COOLING & DE-HUMIDIFICATION

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By-Pass Factor (BP) (heating coil) = Td3 – Td2

By-Pass Factor (BP) (cooling coil) = Td2 – Td3

BPF on Psychrometric Chart

Dr. Munish Gupta 39

Methods of obtaining humidification

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SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO (SHR) /

DBTm = 240.6 + 340.4 = 28C Where, mi = vi / (Sp. Vol.)o