PG Centre

Masters in Structural Engineering

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(2019-2020)

DISSERTATION PHASE – 1
(3730003)

“PARAMETRIC STUDY ON RESPONSE OF HORIZONTALLY

CURVED BOX GIRDER WITH CONSTANT GRADIENT”

Prepared by:
Dhruv Patel(180420720013)
ME-II (3rd SEM)

Guided by: PG In-Charge: Head of Department:

Prof. Dharmesh Bhagat Prof. Dharmesh Bhagat Dr. Pratima Patel
SCET, Surat SCET, Surat SCET, Surat

SARVAJANIK EDUCATION SOCIETY

SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DR. R. K. DESAI MARG, ATHWALINES, SURAT – 395 001 1
Towards progressive civilization…….
 Content:

• Aim
• Objectives of the study
• Need of the study
• Scope of the Study
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Research gap
• Methodology
• Result
• References

2
 Aim
• To study the response of the horizontally curved box girder by changing the radius
of curvature and span length (curvature) with constant gradient.

 Objectives of the study

• To validate the software and compare result with manual calculations.

• To investigate the simultaneous effect of curvature and gradient on the response of

superstructure for various span length .

3
 Continue…

• To study the parameters such as longitudinal bending moment ,transverse

bending moment, torsional moment and shear force for a different deviation
angles and curvature lengths.

• To provide a appropriate combination regarding choice of different span length

for corresponding deviation angle

4
 Need of the study
• For safe and efficient traffic flow particularly at the intersection ,interchanges are
provided.

• Horizontally curved box girders are widely used for highway interchanges and are
generally subjected to additional torsional moment.

• Sometimes due to site condition horizontally curved bridges are provided with the
gradient ,so at that time magnitude of torsional moment can be increase which
lead to overturn the bridge superstructure and cause sudden failure of girder.

• Combination of horizontal curve and gradient which can be affect to the response
of structure, so its essential to analysis of combine system.
5
 Scope of Study
• The Present study is related to investigate the response of curved box girder with
constant gradient.

• Constant gradient, different deviation angles of roadway and different curvature

length (span-length) is considered for parametric study.

• Super-elevation shall be considered for horizontally curved girder..

• The cross section of the bridge is limited to a single cell trapezoidal box girder and
cross section of girder shall be kept unchanged.

• A linear static and dynamic analysis shall be done and response spectrum method
shall be adopted for dynamic analysis as per 1893-2016(P-3).
6
• Deviation angles and curvature length(span-length) shall be varied from 30 to 90
degree and 15m to 30m at the interval of 15 degree and 5m respectively and constant
gradient 1 in 25 shall be considered.

Figure : 7 Define parameters 7

Introduction
• Due to urban development, more curved alignments, longer spans, more skewed
supports, and more segmental construction for concrete bridges are expected.

• Generally at the intersection traffic congestion arise, in that case for efficient and safe
transportation of congested traffic flow ,there is a requirement of interchanges.

• Interchanges consist of numbers of horizontal curved bridges, sometimes due to site

conditions horizontally curved bridges are provided with the gradient.

• Analysis of such structure becomes more difficult, so at that time structural analysis
capabilities of software have removed many of the limitations.

8
Figure :1 Kathipura cloverleaf highway interchange ,Chennai ,India.
9
• Generally, the horizontally curved girders subjected to bending moment and torsional
moment simultaneously because of curvature. In addition, the torsional moment may
generate negative reaction forces at the supports and which may lead to overturn the
girder.

10
Figure : 2 Failure of curved girder ,Surat ,India.
Box girder
• Box girders are more suitable to curved girder due to their structural efficiency, ease
of maintenance, economy of construction, durability, and aesthetic.

• Analysis and design of box-girder bridges are very complex because of its three
dimensional behaviour consisting of torsion, and bending in longitudinal a transverse
directions.

• When a point load is applied on a box ,result is warping and cross-sectional distortion
will occurred..

• However, in curved box bridges, twisting/torsional moments are created for even
symmetrical loading and a small amount of distortional deformations will occur.
11
Figure : 4 Behavior of box girder for eccentric loading 12
 Total deformation

Longitudinal bending

Transverse bending

Torsion bending

Figure : 5 General Behavior of box girder 13

Classification of box girder
• The box girders can be of different forms and geometry.
• Box girders can be classified in three ways according to their method of construction,
use, and shapes.
1. According to their method : 1) Single cell, 2) Double cell or multi-cell.
2. According to construction techniques :1)Monolithically ,2) Separately Constructed
3. According to Shapes : 1) Rectangular, 2) Trapezoidal, 3) Circular.

14
 Single cell

Multiple cell

Rectangle shape Trapezoidal shape Circular cell

Figure 6: Classification of box girder 15

2. Literature Review

Literature Survey

Effect of curvature
on response of Dynamic response
girder

16
 Effect of curvature on response of girder

SR. Title Publication Authors Highlight

No.
1. Flexural response of skew- Engineering Structures Tanmay Gupta - Consider a box girder for
curvature and Skewness together
curved concrete box-girder Year : 2018 Manoj Kumar to investigate the flexural
bridges Vol .: 163 response.
- The central curvature angle has
Pg. no. : 358–372 been varied from 0° to 48° at an
interval of 12°.
- FEM model has been carried out
for gravity loads and IRC
loading by using CSIbridge.

2. A study on overturning Engineering Failure Keesei Leea, - Study investigates the cause of
the overturning failure & possible
failure of horizontally Analysis BassemAndrawesb failure scenarios were assumed
and each was analyzed.
curved single steel box Year : 2017 ,Jeonghyeon Lima,
- Behavior characteristics due to the
girders Vol .: 97 Heesoo Kima, construction progress were
discussed based on analysis of the
Pg. no. : 20–31 Youngjong Kanga results.

17
 Effect of curvature on response of girder
SR. Title Publication Authors Highlight
No.
3. Load distribution for Journal of S.J. Fatemi - A comprehensive numerical
investigation is carried out to
composite steel–concrete Constructional Steel M.S. Mohamed Ali assess the load distribution
horizontally curved box Research A.H. Sheikh mechanism of horizontally
curved.
girder bridge Year : 2016 - Various parameters such as
Vol. : 116 curvature ratio, span length,
number of loading lanes and
Pg. no. : 19-28 number of cells is considered.

4. Parametric study of single
cell box girder bridge under
different radii of curvature
Applied Mechanics and Jefeena Sali - comparative study of straight and
curved box girder bridges with
Materials Regi P Mohan trapezoidal cross section has been
Year : 2016 carried out.
- Different radius of curvature has
Vol. : 857 considered by keeping the span,
Pg. no. : 165-170 cross sectional shape and material
properties constant.
- Radius has been varied from 75 to
200m.

18
 Effect of curvature on response of girder
SR. Title Publication Authors Highlight
No.
5. Stresses due to distortion on Engineering Structures Chai H. Yoo a - Torsional moment gives rise to
longitudinal stresses due to
horizontally curved tub- Year : 2015 Junsuk Kang b distortional warping and transverse
girders Vol .: 87 Kyungsik Kim c bending stresses it will lead direct
deformation of c/s.
Pg. no. : 70-85 - Research have been done to
evaluating these stresses have been
developed.

6. The deformation analysis of Modern applied science Liu Fangping - Influence of radius on the
deformation of curved box girder.
the curved box girder bridges Year : 2012 Zhou Jianting - Non-linear analysis has done in
under different radius Vol .: 26 ANSYS software.
- Vertical and longitudinal
Pg. no. : 20–31 deformation & distorsional
wrapping has examined.

19
 Effect of curvature on response of girder
SR. Title Publication Year Author Main Concept
No.
7. Torsional behavior and TARCE journal Ashish B Sarode G - LUSAS software has been
considered for Finite element
constancy of curved box Year : 2012 R Vesmawala analysis.
Girder superstructures (SVNIT) - For parametric study 20 to 45m
span lengths in combinations with
radius of 75m, 90m, 100m,150m,
200m, 250m, 300m, 400m and
500m totaling 54 models have
been carried out for analysis and
results are compared.

8. Spacing of intermediate Finite Elements in Nam-Hoi Parka - Develop a curved box beam finite
element and to propose tentative
diaphragms in horizontally Analysis and Design Young-Joon Choib design charts for adequate
curved steel box girder Year : 2005 Young-Jong Kanga maximum spacing of intermediate
diaphragms.
bridges Vol.: 41
Pg. no. : 925-943

20
 Effect of curvature on response of girder
SR. Title Publication Year Author Main Concept
No.
9. Warping Stresses in Curved Journal of bridge Ayman M. Okeil - Detail investigation of wrapping
related stresses.
Box Girder Bridges: Case engineering Sherif El-Tawil - For the study 18 steel-concrete
Study Year : 2004 composite models have
considered.
Vol .: 87 - Model and analysis of existing
Pg. no. : 487-496 bridge and Forces are evaluated
from analyses that account for the
construction sequence and the
effect of warping.

21
 Dynamic response
SR. Title Publication Authors Highlight
No.
10. Dynamic Assessment of Pract. Period. Struct. Reza Akbari1 - The effects of changes in
influential variables such as the
Horizontally Curved Des. Constr., Saeed Maadani radius of curvature, the material
Reinforced Concrete Box- Year : 2019 Shahrokh Maalek properties of members and
sectional properties has consider
Girder Bridges Vol. : 24(4) for parametric study.
Pg. no. : 21-38 - Actual dominant modes and the
corresponding mode shapes and
focuses on the changes in the
natural frequencies and damping.

11. Free vibration analysis of Journal of Radek - Various design parameters to

examine the effect of the free-
horizontally curved Constructional Steel Wodzinowski vibration response of curved
composite concrete-steel Research., Khaled Sennah composite concrete-steel I-girder
bridges.
I-girder bridges Year : 2018 Hamdy M. Afefy - To determine their fundamental
Vol. : 140 frequency and corresponding
mode shapes, parametric study is
Pg. no. : 47-61 conducted on 336 straight &
curved bridges in ABAQUS
software
22
 Dynamic response
SR. Title Publication Year Author Highlight
No.
12. Rigid-Body Motion of J. Bridge Eng. Mohsen Amjadian - Paper highlights the influence of
seismic pounding on rigid-body
Horizontally Curved Bridges Year : 2016 Anil K. Agrawal motion of horizontally curved
Subjected to Earthquake- Vol .: 87 bridges during strong earthquakes
using an analytical approach.
Induced Pounding Pg. no. : 70-85 - 3-degree of freedom nonlinear
model has been developed to
capture main dynamic parameters
affecting seismic response of
horizontally curved bridges.

13. Comparison of the Seismic 15WCEE- Easa Khan - For parametric variation, curved
bridges with subtended angles of
Performance of Equivalent conference- lisboa Mervyn J. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees,
Straight and Curved Bridges Year :2012 Kowalsky James having the total arc length equal to
the length of the equivalent
due to Transverse M. Nau straight bridge, are considered.
Seismic Excitation - Time History analysis using both
straight and curved geometry.
23
 Dynamic response
SR. Title Publication Year Author Highlight
No.

14. Dynamic analysis of Shock and Vibration K.Nallasivam, - Impact factors for several
response parameters such as
horizontally curved thin- Year : 2007 Anjan Dutta bending moment, shear force,
walled box-girder bridge due Vol. : 11 Sudip Talukdar torsional moment, torsional bi-
moment, distortional moment,
to moving Vehicle. Pg. no. : 229-248 distortional bi-moment and
vertical deflections have been
obtained for various bridge-
vehicle parameters.

24
 Summary of literature review :
• From the literature it can be summarized as,

• The effect of variation in curvature and span-length which affect the various
parameter such as flexural response, dynamic response, stability of girder and
distortion stress.

• Its essential to consider stability of girder against the overturning because girder
subjected to bending and torsional moment simultaneously.

• Actual dominant modes and the corresponding mode shapes by the changes in the
natural frequencies and its depends on radius of curvature and span-length

25
• The overall structural response of the thin-walled box-girder bridges becomes
complex since it comprises of distortion, warping, and shear lag, in addition to usual
flexure (in longitudinal and transverse directions), shear and torsional action

26
 Research gap
• In previous literatures, longitudinal moment ,transverse moment, torsional
moment and shear force have been found by changing the radius of curvature and
curvature length, but sometimes due to geometric restriction on the site
,horizontally curved girder is provided with gradient.

• Present study is related to static and dynamic analysis of horizontally curved

girder bridge by varying the radius of curvature and span-length with constant
gradient.

27
Methodology
 Problem definition
 Method for analysis
 Selection of software for modeling and analysis
 Validation of software
 Parametric study
 Results and comparison

28
 Problem definition :
• For highway interchanges horizontally curved bridges are used and horizontally
curved girder brides are additionally subjected to torsional moment. Sometimes due
to site condition horizontally curved bridges are provided with the gradient ,so at
that time magnitude of torsional moment can be increase which lead to overturn the
bridge superstructure and cause sudden failure of girder.

29
 Selection of method for analysis :
• There are four methods for analysis of curved girder,
1) Simple beam theory
2) Folded plate method
3) Finite strip method
4) Finite element method
• Among four method, finite element method is most appropriate to model and
analysis of complex geometry.
• Thus for the present work, finite element method has selected for modeling and
analysis.
30
 Selection of software for modeling and analysis :
• Various software are available for analysis such as CSIBridge, Midas civil , Ansys,
Staadpro etc.

• For present study CSIbridge 20 software is selected because ,for parametric

variation CSIbridge give more flexibility to the users and also complex geometry
can easily modeled.

• CSiBridge is easy to use, integrated software for modeling, analysis, and design of
bridge structures and it gives more appropriate result.

31
 Parametric study :
• Two parameters have been carried out for the parametric study is as follow :
1) Deviation angles of roadway
2) Curvature (span length) length
• Radius of curvature is found for corresponding deviation angles and span length.
• Horizontal Curve has been designed as per IRC :38 : 1988( Guild lines for design of
horizontal of curves for highway).
• Gradient has considered as constant and gradient 1 in 25 shall be considered.

32
 Deviation Angle Span Radius(m) As per IRC 38
NO.
(degree)(Δ) Curvature length)(L) =Lx 180/(3.14 xΔ) ( > 15)
1 15 9.55 Not allowable
20 12.74 Not allowable
90
25 15.92 Allowable
30 19.11 Allowable
2 15 11.46 Not allowable
20 15.29 Allowable
75
25 19.11 Allowable
30 22.93 Allowable
3 15 14.33 Not allowable
20 19.11 Allowable
60
25 23.89 Allowable
30 28.66 Allowable
4 15 19.11 Allowable
20 25.48 Allowable
45
25 31.85 Allowable
30 38.22 Allowable
5 15 28.66 Allowable
20 38.22 Allowable
30
25 47.77 Allowable
30 57.32 Allowable
As per IRC 38 : 1988 , minimum radius should not be less than 15m.

Table-1 : Calculated radius as per IRC 33

 Validation of software :
• A validation study has been carried out for straight girder and curved girder.

 For Straight girder :

o For validation of live load application as per IRC in software, one of the examples
of bridge has been taken form N. Krishna Raju book –Design of bridges.

o Example data :

o Dimensions as per shown in fig.

o Span length(L)= 30m

o -Live load : As per IRC Class AA tracked vehicle has to be considered.

o Material grade : M25, Fe-415. 34

o Spacing of cross girders = 5 m

o By courbon’s method ,the longitudinal moments and the shear force have been
computed for D.L and L.L manually for interior girder.

o Modeling of T-girder has been done in CSIbridge software and run the linear static
analysis.

Figure 9 : Cross section of bridge deckC

35
Figure 10: Plan view
36
Interior girder - 1

Figure 11 : Software model of straight girder

37
 For curved girder :

o For validation of curved girder, one of the problems of book “Computational

analysis and design of bridge structures-by Chung C. Fu” have been taken.

o Type : Double cell box type girder.

o Dimensions are as per c/s of box girder as shown.

o Radius of curved box girder= 122m

o No. of span = 3

o Span length(L)= 61m + 91m + 61m = 213m

o A concentrated load of 445 kN is applied in the middle of the midspan with three
different locations, on the top of the outer web, middle web, and inner web. 38
o Modeling of girder has been done in CSIbridge software and run the linear static
analysis.

Figure 12 : Cross section of box girder

39
 445 KN

Figure 13 : Software model of curved girder

40
 Results :
 For straight girder
Interrior girder 1
Manual calculation Difference in
Parameters Load case Software result
results Percentage
D.L 4261 Kn.m 4550 KN.m 6.352 %
Longitudinal
L.L 1596 KN.m 1710.92 KN.m 6.720 %
Moment
D.L + L.L 5857KN 6244.17 KN.m 6.201 %
D.L 561 KN 573.30 KN 2.145 %
Shaer force L.L 427 KN 401.1 KN -6.089 %
D.L + L.L 988KN 950.51 KN -3.846 %
D.L 36.72 mm 38.59 mm 4.82
Deflection
L.L 11.13 mm 11.5 mm 3.22
Table 2: Validation results for straight girder 41
 For curved girder :
Csibridge
Larsa Software Percentage
Action Location Case result
software
difference
result
Midspan
DL 55,523 60,135 7.67
Span 2
Gross
Moments
LL 4875 4805 -1.44
(ft. kips)
Negative
DL -94,623 -91578 -3.22
Bent 3
Gross
Moments(ft.
LL -3190 -2903 -9.00
kips)
Midspan DL -4.31 -4.11 -4.64
Left girder
Span 2 LL -0.26 -0.253 -2.69
Deflections(i
DL -3.8 -3.71 -2.37
nches) Right girder
LL -0.23 -0.224 -2.61
Table 3: Validation results for curved girder 42
 Month wise Workplan :
2019 2020
Work
JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APRIL
Domain selection and literature
survey
Finalization of
title,aim,objectives,need and
scope of study.
Software selection and
validation of software
Report writing for dissertation
phase -1

Selection of geometry and

model generation in software

Perform analysis in the

software for various models

Comparison of various
parameters as per the results

Result analysis
Thesis Writing
43
References:
1. Ashish B Sarode G R Vesmawala (SVNIT), “Torsional behavior and constancy of curved box
Girder superstructures.” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design Vol.: 41 Pg. no. : 925-943.
2. Ayman M. Okeil and Sherif El-Tawil M(2004), “Warping stresses in curved box girder bridges:
Case Study.” TARCE journal.
3. CSiBridge (2015). Computer and Structure Inc, Version. 15, Structural and Earthquake
Engineering Software, Analysis Reference Manual.
4. Chung C. Fu and Shuqing Wang , “Computational Analysis and Designof Bridge Structures”.
5. Daniel G. Linzel Venkata Nadakudit , “Parameters influencing seismic response of horizontally
curved, steel, I-girder bridges.” Steel and Composite Structure,Vol. : 11 ,Pg. no. : 21-38 .
6. Easa Khan Mervyn J. Kowalsky James M. Nau , “Comparison of the Seismic Performance of
Equivalent Straight and Curved Bridges due to Transverse Seismic Excitation” 15WCEE-
conference- lisboa ,Year :2012.
7. H. Yoo a, Junsuk Kang b, Kyungsik Kim c (2015), “Stresses due to distortion on horizontally
curved tub-girders.” Engineering Structures, Vol .: 87 Pg. no. : 70-85.

44
8. IRC: 06-2017, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II, Loads
and Stresses, The Indian Roads Congress.
9. IRC: 38-1988, Guidelines for design of horizontal curves for highways and design table.
10. IS : 1893 : 2016 (Part-3) :Criteria for earthquake resistance designs of structure for bridge and
retaining wall.
11. Jefeena Sali and Regi P Mohan M(2016), “Parametric study of single cell box girder bridge under
different radii of curvature.” Applied Mechanics and Materials,Vol. : 857Pg. no. : 165-170.
12. K. Nallasivam, Anjan Dutta and Sudip Talukdar(2007), “Dynamic analysis of horizontally curved
thin-walled box-girder bridge due to moving Vehicle.” Shock and Vibration,Vol. : 11 ,Pg. no. :
229-248.
13. Keesei Leea, Bassem Andrawesb, Jeonghyeon Lima, Heesoo Kima and YoungjongKanga(2017)
for “A study on overturning failure of horizontally curved single steel box girders”. Engineering
Failure Analysis Vol .: 97Pg. no. : 20–31 .
14. Liu Fangping, “The deformation analysis of the curved box girder bridges under different radius.”
Modern applied science ,Vol .: 26Pg. no. : 20–31.
45
15. Mohsen Amjadian and Anil K. Agrawal (2016), “Rigid-Body Motion Of Horizontally Curved
Bridges Subjected To Earthquake-Induced Pounding.” J. Bridge Eng.,Vol .: 87 ,Pg. no. : 70-85 .
16. Nam-Hoi Parka,Young-Joon Choib and Young-Jong Kanga (2005), “Spacing of intermediate
diaphragms in horizontally curved steel box girder bridges.” Journal of bridge engineering,Vol .:
87 Pg. no. : 487-496.
17. N. krishna raju, Design of bridges, fifth edition, as per IRC recoomandation.
18. Radek Wodzinowski , Khaled Sennah amd Hamdy M. Afefy (2018), “Free vibration analysis of
horizontally curved composite concrete-steel I-girder bridges.” Journal of Constructional Steel
Research.,Vol. : 140,Pg. no. : 47-61.
19. Report confirm as curved span bridge was over turn during construction stage ,Times of India
retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/SVNIT-report-blames-design-fault-
for-Athwalines-bridge-collapse/articleshow/39666900.cms
20. Reza Akbari1, Saeed Maadani and Shahrokh Maalek (2019), “Dynamic Assessment of
Horizontally Curved Reinforced Concrete Box-Girder Bridges.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des.
Constr.,Vol. : 24(4),Pg. no. : 21-38.
46
Thank You

47