Switchyard

What is a Switchyard ?

It is a switching station which has the following credits :

(i) Main link between Generating plant and
Transmission system,
which has a large influence on the security
of the supply.
(ii) Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage
levels depending upon
the Network Node.
(iii) Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control
devices, which
has effect on Quality of power.
 SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
Equipments commonly found in switchyard :
1. Lightening arrestor
2. Current transformer
3. Voltage transformer (CVT)
4. Power transformers / I.C.T.
5. Bus bar and clamp fittings
6. Support structure
7. Isolators
8. Circuit Breaker
9. Wave traps
10. Earthing switch
 Bus Switching Schemes

Bus Bar Schemes

* Single Sectionalized bus

* Main & Transfer bus

* Sectionalized Main bus with Transfer bus

* Sectionalized Double Main & Transfer bus

* One and Half Breaker Scheme

 Single Sectionalized
Bus-bar system
I/C Feeders

CB

Bus-bar

Isolators

O/G Feeders
Main & Transfer Bus-bar system

I/C Feeders

CB

Transfer Bus

Bus Coupler

Main Bus

Isolators
 Switchyard Single line Diagram
Transfer Bus 400 KV

Main Bus II

Main Bus I

Bus
Isolator

CB
CB CB

Transfer Bus
Bay

GT
21/400KV
Gen Bay Feeder Bay
 Factors effecting the selection of
Switching Scheme

* System Security
* Operational Flexibility
* Simplicity of Protection arrangements
* Ability to limit the Short Circuit levels
* Maintenance
* Ease of extension
* Total land area
* Cost
PICTORIAL VIEW OF 400KV SWITCHYARD AT VSTPS
400KV SHUNT REACTOR
Types of Circuit Breakers:
400 KV Switchyard:
1.Air Blast Circuit Circuit Breakers (ABB Make)
2.SF6 Circuit Breakers (Pneumatically Operated)-
CGL Make
3.SF6 Circuit Breaker (Pneumatically Operated)- ABB Make

4.SF6 Circuit Breaker (Hydraulic Operated)- BHEL

Make
5. SF6 Circuit Breaker (Spring Operated)- ASEA
(Sweaden) Make.
400KV SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER WITHOUT PIR
400KV SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH PIR
132 KV Switchyard:

1. SF6 Circuit Breaker (Pneumatically Operated)- ABB Make.

2. SF6 Circuit Breaker (Hydraulic Operated)- BHEL Make

3. SF6 Circuit Breaker (Spring Operated)- BHEL Make

4.SF6 Circuit Breaker (Spring Operated)- ALSTOM Make

 FEATURES OF ISOLATORS

• OPERATES UNDER NO LOAD CONDITION

• INTERLOCKED WITH BREAKERS AND
EARTHSWITCHES
• SHOULD WITHSTAND EXTREME WIND
PRESSURES
• MOTOR DRIVEN AND HAND DRIVEN
• LOCAL AS WELL AS REMOTE OPERATION
POSSIBLE
• ISOLATES SECTIONS FOR MAINTENANCE
• USED TO SELECT BUS BARS
• CT SWITCHING FOR BUS BAR PROTECTION
Pantograph Isolator:-
400KV HORIZONTAL CENTRAL BREAK TYPE
ISOLATOR
 Current transformers

 Purpose :
- To step-down the high magnitude of current
to a safe value to incorporate Measuring and
Protection logics
• Current transformers are used for the
instrumentation, protection or metering of power
systems.
400KV CT
 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
• Primary voltage is applied to a series of
capacitors group. The voltage across one
of the capacitor is taken to aux PT. The
secondary of the aux PT is taken for
measurement and protection.

SECONDARY VOLTAGES(110 VOLTS AC) FOR

METERS AND ENERGY METERS
• VOLTAGES FOR PROTECTIVE RELAYS
• VOLTAGES FOR SYNCHRONIZING
• DISTURBANCE RECORDERS AND EVENT LOGS
• OVERFLUX RELAYS
CVT internals :
Bus

Insulators which
acts as Capacitors

Intermediate PT

P S
400KV CVT
Lightning Arrestors
 Purpose :
- To discharge the high voltage surges in the
power
system due to lightning to the ground.
 Apparatus to be protected :
* Overhead lines………Earth/Ground wires
(PA=30 deg)
* HV equipment………LAs
* Substation…………...Lightning Masts, Earth
wires
SURGE ARRESTOR
Earth Switches
 FEATURES OF EARTH SWITCHES
• USED TO GROUND SECTIONS REQUIRED FOR
MAINTENANCE
• GROUND INDUCTION VOLTAGES
• INTERLOCKED WITH BREAKERS AND ISOLATORS
• CAN OPERATE FROM LOCAL ONLY
• MOTOR DRIVEN AS WELL AS HAND DRIVEN
• SAFETY DEVICE
Source
Isolator Isolator Load
CB

Earth S/W
 BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF WAVE TRAP AND
COUPLING CAPACITOR
POWER FREQ -50 KHZ
LINE

WAVE TRAP >500KHZ NOISE PICKUP

2ΠFL <30KHZ-HARMONIC
C=1/2ΠFC LIGHTENING,CORONA

30KHZ TO 500KHZ
STATION BUS
LMU IMPEDENCE 75 OHMS

PLC
C
THANK YOU