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1-Anatomy and Physiology
1-Anatomy and Physiology
PHARMACY,
ASHTA
Definition- the study of the structure and shape of the body and body
parts & their relationships to one another.
Subspecialties of Anatomy Use
Regional anatomy Structure of regions of human body (eg. Head, chest, abdomen)
Physiology-
Definition- the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
1. Cardiovascular system
2. Nervous system
3. Integumentary system
4. Skeletal system
5. Muscular system
6. Endocrine system
7. Digestive system
8. Urinary system
9. Lymphatic system
10. Respiratory system
11. Reproductive system
12. Excretory system
Integumentary system-
Components: Composed of
muscle tissue
Functions:
a. Produces body movements
such as walking
b. Stabilizes body position
(posture)
Nervous system-
Components: Hormone-
producing glands (Pineal gland,
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland,
Thymus, Thyroid gland,
Parathyroid glands, Adrenal
glands, Pancreas, Ovaries, and
Testes).
Functions: Regulates body
activities by releasing hormones
Cardiovascular system-
Functions:
a. Transfers oxygen from inhaled
air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air.
b. Vocal cords produces sounds.
Reproductive system-
c. Mediastinum Contains all the structures of the thoracic cavity other than
the lungs
Eg-heart, thymus, oesophagus, trachea and several large
blood vessels
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Cavity Parts
Abdominopelvic cavity
Definition-
The subject stands erect facing the observer, the
arms are placed at the sides with the palms facing
forward and the feet are flat on the floor.
In the anatomical position, the body is upright.
Two terms describe a reclining body,
These are the words that describe the position of one body
part relative to another.
Directional
Definition Example
terms
Toward the head or the upper part
Superior Heart is superior to the liver
structure
Anterior Nearer to or at the front of the body Sternum is anterior to the heart
Esophagus is posterior to
Posterior Nearer to or at the back of the body
trachea
Medial Nearer to midline Ulna is medial to radius
Lateral Farther from the midline Lungs are lateral to the heart
Transverse colon is
intermediate between the
Intermediate Between two structures
ascending and descending
colon
Directional
Definition Example
terms
On same side of body as another Gallbladder and ascending
Ipsilateral
structure colon are ipsilateral
Superficial Toward or on the surface of body Ribs are superficial to the lungs