Types of Errors

2019

Dhyan Aminatuz Novillia

Magister student of University Muhammadiyah Gresik
English Language Departement
The based on Kind of
taxonomy into four

Linguistic
Surface Strategy

Comparative
Comunicative
Effect
1.Linguistic Taxonomy
The linguistic category taxonomies classify
errors according to either the language
component or the particular linguistic
constituent the error effects. Linguistic
components include :
Phonology
Semantic &
Lexical Mhorpology &
Syntac
a. Phonology

 Lack of certain L2 phonemes in the learner’s L1

 Differences in syllable structures in L1 and L2
 Spelling pronunciation of words
 The problem of silnt letters

Ex: The sounds that do not occur in TL cause the

students to mispronounce them. Indonesian
learners attempt to pronounce
-‘th’ of ‘thank you’ as ‘t’ of ‘tea’.
b. Morphology & Sintax

 Wrong use of Plural morphame

 Wrong use of tenses
 Wrong order word
 Wrong use of preposition
 Error in use of article

Ex:The student tend to omit the suffix at the end

of the word, such as – Many book
- One Trouser
b. Semantix & Lexical

 (related to the semantic properties of lexical

items)
 I am working 24 o’clock each week.
 English is alive language by which everyone
can convey his ideas.
2. Surface Strategy Taxonomy
It can be divided into four categories
namely omission, addition, misformation, and
misordering.

Omission Error Addition Error

Misformation Misordering
Error Error
 a. Omission Error

Omission errors are characterized by the

absence of an item that must appear in a well-
form utterance. It may the omission of nouns,
verbs, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence. For
example:
- Mary a president of the new company
The sentence above omits the verb "is", the
sentence should be:
Mary is a president of the new company.
 b. Addition Error

Addition errors are the opposite of omissions.

 Double Marking
Double marking is accurately described as the
failure to delete certain items which are required
in some linguistic contractions but not in others
ex : 1. She didn't went to school.
2. He doesn't knows my name
 Regularization
For example adding s for all of plural such as
mans, foots, childs, mouses, etc and adding ed
to the verbs of past tense like hitted, and
beated.
 c. Misformation

Misformation errors are characterized by the

use of the wrong form of the morpheme or
structure. In misformation errors the learner
supplies something although it is incorrect. For

ex: The dog eated the chicken. A past tense

marker was applied by the learner; it was just
not the right one.
 d. Misordering

Misordering errors are characterized by the

incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of
morphemes in an utterance.

For example: He is all the time late.

Because the interference of their first language
the learners may not put the word or the group
of words in the right place. So they may make
misordering errors.
The sentence must be: He is late all the time.
3. Comparative Taxonomy

Developmental Interlingual
Errors Errors

Ambigous Unique
Errors Errors
 a. Developmental Errors

Developmental errors are errors similar

to those made by children learning
the target language as their first
language.
 b. Interlingual Errors

Interlingual errors are defined as errors that

reflect native language structure regardless of
internal processes or external condition that
spawn them (Dulay, Burt and Krashen,1982:
171). The similar type of error is interference
or transfer, it means that the learner’s native
language somehow interferes with the learning
of L2, or transfer into the learner’s developing
L2 system “the man skinny” (orang itu
kurus), “the boy fat” (anak itu gemuk)
 c. Ambigoud Errors

This error reflect to both the learner’s L1 and the

type of errors in the speech of children
acquiring English as their first language such
as in; “I no have a car” ( Saya tidak
mempunyai mobil). This (-) construction
reflects to the learner’s native language
(Indonesian) and also the characteristic of the
speech of children learning English as first
language.
 d. Unique Errors

Unique errors are errors that are complete without

a grab bag for items that do not fit into any
other category. For example, the utterance I
do hungry. The speaker used neither her native
Spanish structure nor an L2 developmental
form such as She hungry where the auxiliary is
omitted altogether.
3. Comunicative Efect
The communicative effect
classification deals with Global Errors
errors from the
perspective of their effect
on the listener or the Local Errors
reader. It focuses on
distinguishing between
errors that seem to cause
miscommunication and
those that do not.
 a. Global Errors

Global errors are errors that affect overall

sentence organization and they
significantly hinder communication
(Dulay, Burt, and Krashen 1982: 191).
The errors include wrong order, Missing,
wrong or misplaced the sentence
connectors, missing cues to signal
obligatory exceptions to pervasive
syntactic rules “Global errors” and “Local
errors”.
 a. Local Errors

 Local errors are those that effect single

elements (constituent in a sentence, and
do not usually hinder communication
significantly (Dulay, Burt and Krashen
1982: 191). These include error in noun
and verb inflections, articles, auxiliaries
etc
Thank you

Any q?